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Polish Military Aircraft 1918-1939
Despite not existing as a free country for 123 years until the end of the First World War, the roots of Polish aviation, including military aviation, reach as far back as the days of pioneers such as Otto Lilienthal or the Wright Brothers. The Polish Military Aviation can trace its origins to the second half of 1917, and was officially established when Poland regained her independence on 11 November 1918. The country was then able to build its own air force with men being proud to call themselves Poles again. Despite its difficult rebirth, in the 1930s Poland developed a wide range of its own aircraft. These included the PZL P.6 fighter which gained fame for being the most advanced of its day and the first fighter aircraft made of metal in the world, or PZL P.24 fighter considered by the RAF as a purchase option. Towards the end of the decade, however, foreign aircraft design had overtaken them. In 1939, Poland fought its lonely war against overwhelming might of the German Third Reich, the fascist state of Slovakia and the Soviet Russia. Though surrounded, massively outnumbered and flying mostly inferior aircraft, Polish fliers caused the attacking forces considerable losses, including 500 aircraft, destroyed and damaged. As well as telling the story of the valiant Polish flyers, Polish Military Aircraft 1918-1939 includes a wonderful collection of photographs, the majority of which have never been seen in the West. Together, these take the reader on a journey throughout the early years of Polish military aviation, showing amazing pictures of German, Austro-Hungarian or Russian aeroplanes, in many cases scavenged by the Poles. Also included is selection of British aircraft which were used in Poland, as well as a host of photographs of Polish-designed and built machines, including these that had to face Luftwaffe in September of 1939.
The Battle of the Reichswald - Rhineland
During winter 1944/45 few German officers believed that the Allies would attack the wooded Reichswald Plug on the narrow neck of land between the rivers Rhine and Maas. Consequently, relying on the natural defences of the forest, the vaunted Siegfried Line had been allowed to peter out. The 84th Infantry Division held field defences that had been worked on all autumn, but the defenders were thinly spread, and most German soldiers now faced the certainty of defeat.Originally hoping to use the frozen winter ground for a speedy assault, days before Operation VERITABLE began a thaw set in and the Allies faced attacking in the worst possible ground conditions. On the morning of 8 February, after protracted bombardment, delays multiplied as vehicles became bogged in saturated fields and shell holes, and roads broke up under heavy armour. However, just enough assault engineer equipment reached the outer German defences, where they found the enemy infantry largely stunned by the bombardment.It took all of the first day to break through the mud and defences into the Reichswald, while to the north, Canadians and Scots struggled across equally sodden open country with the Rhine floods rising fast. Despite the conditions, overnight the Canadians took to the flood waters to seize what were now island villages and the Scots dashed to capture the vital Materborn, which overlooked Kleve.With heavy rain compounding difficulties, mud and flood waters made movement of men and supplies increasingly difficult. Despite this and the arrival of German reinforcements, the Allies fought their way forward, forcing the Reichswald Plug and opening the way into the Rhineland and the final phases of the war.
The Doolittle Raiders’ Battle for Survival
This is an extraordinary account of courage, survival, and sacrifice in the aftermath of one of the Second World War’s most daring missions. While the Doolittle Raid on Japan is often celebrated for its audacity and strategic importance, this book focuses on the tortuous journey of the Raiders once their mission was complete, as they descended – quite literally – into the unknown. After striking targets in Japan on 18 April 1942, the Raiders, flying their North American B-25 bombers, faced an impossible challenge: reaching safety with dwindling fuel reserves. While one crew landed in the Soviet Union, the remaining fifteen crash-landed or baled out over Japanese-occupied China, initiating a desperate struggle for survival. Spread across rugged terrain, the Raiders battled severe weather, injuries, starvation, and the constant threat of capture or death at the hand of the Japanese forces. This book delves deeply into the human stories of the Doolittle Raiders during their escape through hostile territory. It highlights the critical role played by Chinese villagers and resistance fighters who risked – and often lost – their lives to protect the stranded Americans. Through their heroic efforts, many Raiders made it to safety, but not without significant losses. The Japanese retaliated mercilessly against the Chinese in one of the largest manhunts the Japanese ever mounted, killing tens of thousands in the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, underscoring the devastating costs of the mission. With its rich blend of action, human drama, and historical depth, and drawing on declassified military records, personal diaries, and interviews with descendants of the Raiders and their Chinese allies, The Doolittle Raiders’ Battle of Survival vividly reconstructs the Raiders’ perilous journey to safety – or not. From parachute landings into dense forests and dangerous mountain crossings to encounters with guerrilla fighters and near-capture by Japanese troops, the narrative is both suspenseful and deeply moving.
Charlotte Bronte and Elizabeth Gaskell
Charlotte Brontë and Elizabeth Gaskell shared one of the most remarkable literary friendships of the 19th century, one that ultimately led to the creation of one of the most controversial literary biographies ever written. The Life of Charlotte Brontë continues to spark debate over 150 years after its publication, but the deeper story of the friendship that inspired it has never been fully explored until now. In this fascinating and well-researched narrative, the intertwined lives of these two literary greats come to life. What drew them together despite their contrasting personalities? How did they influence each other’s work, navigate the challenges of publishing, and contend with the harsh judgment of critics? Did Elizabeth Gaskell’s well-meaning interventions, both personal and professional, shape the course of Charlotte’s life in ways never before considere? hrough letters, historical records, and fresh insights, this book reveals the warmth, respect, and complexities of their brief but profound connection. A tale of admiration, resilience, and literary legacy, it sheds new light on the enduring impact of a friendship that helped shape our understanding of one of literature’s most beloved figures.
The Lockheed U-2
The Lockheed U-2 ‘Dragon Lady’ has long been associated as a symbol of the Cold War due to several news events of that era. Much of this was the result of the news surrounding well-known incident when Gary Powers’ U-2 was brought down by Soviet missiles over Russia in 1960 and his subsequent capture. There was also the events in 1962, when Major Rudolf Anderson Jr. was also shot down, this time over Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Though it is commonly characterized as a spy plane, as the author reveals here there is so much more to the U-2 than that. Since the Cold War, and even with the advent of satellite and drone technology, many may not be aware that the U-2 is still flying today, and still performing vital surveillance missions in many of the world’s hot spots of military or political turmoil. These can often be demanding missions, flights which take place at high altitude and lasting for many hours, taxing the endurance of even the very best pilots. There is a demanding and robust selection process for potential U-2 pilots, all of which is detailed in Ken Neubeck’s absorbing commentary. Notably, after the Cold War, the U-2 aircraft proved to be valuable in the Gulf War in 1991, where it provided a significant amount of overhead surveillance of potential Iraqi targets, prior to the start of the war. This book not only examines the unique history of the aircraft but also looks at the extensive pilot training and requirements to fly it, which is unparallel with any other military aircraft training. With a wingspan of over 100 feet, the landing and take-off sequence for the U-2 requires extreme pilot skill, along with the use of removable landing gear pogo devices at the end of each side of the wing. Previous books on the U-2 have touched upon this unique aspect of the type, but usually in narrative fashion as opposed to a pictorial sequence which this book will do in detail. The story of the U-2 continues, and Ken Neubeck looks at the future prospects of this, the most famous spy plane to ever have taken to the skies in the Cold War.
The Origins of Famous Brands
We take brands for granted: they surround us and pervade our everyday life. But have you ever wondered where they come from, and why they became successfu? he histories are sometimes remarkable: how did Reebook emerge from a town in North West England to become one of the leading athletic apparel brands in the world? Ever wondered how McDonald’s convinced a sceptical British public to eat hamburgers? Or how Hall’s cough drops became the highest-selling sweet in the world? Are you curious as to what really constitutes the secret recipe of Dr Pepper or Lea & Perrins Worcestershire sauc? his book breaks new ground by combining depth with readability, and uncovers previously forgotten facts. At its heart, this is a story about people: brilliant individuals who defied the odds to succeed, and introduced products that have ultimately improved peoples’ lives. The book covers history from the 18th century with the foundation of the Schweppes, Crosse & Blackwell and Gordon’s gin businesses, right up to the present day with modern brands including Greggs and Costa Coffee. If you want to delve beyond the official company histories and learn the truth, to be entertained, educated, amazed and engaged, then this is the book for you!
1918 – The Americans Under French Command
Pershing’s aim had always been to fight the Germans with an independent American Army (the AEF, the American Expeditionary Forces) instead of dividing his divisions between the allies. When the Germans launched the first attack of their Spring Offensives on 21 March 1918, he was still far away from the creation of this independent army. During the first three months of 1918 only a few divisions could be considered as available for immediate action. On 26 March 1918 Foch was selected as the Supreme Allied Commander. Two days later, to solve immediate allied manpower problems and to check the German assault, General Pershing temporarily placed all American forces at the disposal of Supremo Foch. It was agreed that the availability of American troops would only last so long as was needed to check the German advance.This book deals with three lesser known battles fought by five divisions of the AEF that took place in the Champagne/Marne Region between the City of Reims and the Argonne Forest. The narrative includes actions of the 2nd, 36th, 42nd, 92nd and the 93rd Divisions. The latter two were made up of African-American troops.The five tours are ideal for visitors who have a few hours to spare coming from or going to the St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and Verdun battlefields from one of Paris’s airports. They cover a lesser known area and each tour will not take more than a few hours. The starting points are all situated a little north of the A4, the Paris-Metz motorway. The tours also bridge the gap between the better known Chemin des Dames and Meuse-Argonne battlefields.
Desiderius Erasmus
One cannot discuss the Renaissance without coming across the name of Desiderius Erasmus. He was renowned for scholarship, views on education, religion, and conduct. Erasmus found himself in the midst of the religious debate in Europe during the sixteenth century and regardless of where his path led he would find himself subject to praise and scrutiny. Desiderius Erasmus: The Folly or Far Sightedness of Renaissance Europe's Greatest Mind will look at the life of a scholar who chose to put his own learning ahead of income, obtained patronage from the wealthy and influenced education for centuries to come.
Monograph on German Light Armoured Cars Kfz. 13/14
The Kfz. 13/14 represented a significant step forward for the German army in the realm of armoured scout cars following the devastation of First World War. Initially intended for training purposes, despite their limitations, including inadequate armament, armour, and off-road capabilities, they played a pivotal role in shaping the tactics and strategies of German armoured warfare doctrine. The early scout cars also provided essential training opportunities for crews, helping to develop the skills necessary for operating more advanced armoured vehicles in future conflicts, as well as provided valuable insights into the design of armoured fighting vehicles to the German industry. Despite their contributions to the early development of armoured warfare tactics, Kfz. 13/14 vehicles were already outdated by the outbreak of Second World War and gradually phased out in favour of more modern and capable designs. Nonetheless, their legacy as pioneering platforms in the evolution of armoured reconnaissance vehicles remained significant within the annals of military history. The aim of this book is to tell the lesser-known history of vehicles commonly referred to as "Bathtubs", which despite their unassuming appearance, shaped the generations of German soldiers serving in motorized reconnaissance formations, who after 1939 found themselves at the forefront of armoured formations spreading terror throughout Poland, Low Countries and France.
Adolf Hitler and the Art of Tyranny
Adolf Hitler may be history’s most notorious tyrant. Surely no one’s name is more often evoked to epitomize evil and the deliberate infliction of suffering on vulnerable individuals and group? hrough exceptional will and luck Hitler struggled up through the ranks of political power until he became Germany’s master. He then sought to dominate Europe. Determined to unite all German-speaking peoples in one nation, he embarked on a series of aggressions that culminated in a war that engulfed and devastated most of Europe and North Africa, and left tens of millions of people dead, maimed, or homeless. Along with his political opponents, he condemned Jews and other ‘inferior peoples’ as Germany’s enemies, and eventually had around six million of them arrested and systematically slaughtered. Adolf Hitler and the Art of Tyranny answers with depth and clarity three core questions. What made Hitler who he was; why did he do what he did; and what were the results? Many other questions radiate from these. For instance, how did Hitler get tyrannical power? Or why was the Third Reich destroyed after just a dozen years? Many more crucial questions and arrays of answers follow. Hitler, of course, did not act alone. He enthroned himself atop power pyramids that included the Nazi Party, government, military, secret police, industrial associations, religious institutions, and other social organizations. He commanded countless ‘willing executioners’ of his plans and orders. To a rational, knowledgeable person, Hitler’s mass appeal is puzzling. How could someone as histrionic, vulgar, shallow, bullying, and extreme as Hitler inspire such adoration and fanatical acts by millions of people?
The Dark Ages: The Emergence of An English Identity
What historically has been called the Dark Ages since the 14th century has proved to be less dark than previously thought. It would be true to say that the 600 year period following the Roman withdrawal from Britain until the Norman Invasion of 1066 was more ‘obscure’ than ‘dark’. It was a time of Angle, Saxon and Jute invasions of Britain prompted by mass migrations westward from Eastern Europe by warring tribes like the Goths, Vandals and Huns, by Vikings from the north, Moors from the east and Scotti tribes from the west. Most of these diverse peoples left scant written record of their history or culture, evidently more intent on conquest. What is known of them comes from Early Medieval sources, like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from religious Irish clerics and medieval writers like Bede, Nennius and Gildas who often relied on earlier unverifiable narratives. Later accounts by Henry of Huntingdon and Geoffrey of Monmouth were more akin to storytelling than history and were often lavishly interspersed with ancient myths and folklore. In the light of contemporary studies and extensive archaeological research, this book attempts to cast a light into some of that obscurity.
Russia's Wagner Group
The ‘Wagner’ mercenary group remained comparatively unknown for years, and only after the beginning of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, did the general public learn about the existence of this shadowy organization. But for years before that, they roamed free in Africa and the Middle East, fighting Russia’s conflicts, protecting dictators and waging war against anyone who was declared to be the enemy of the Russian government. Many journalists have attempted to uncover Wagner’s secrets but, for the first time, we hear the voice of an actual Wagner commander, who participated in some of the organization’s operations. This is Igor Salikov, former Wagner commander and the most high-ranking Russian service member who testified against the Russian regime and its crimes in Ukraine for the International Criminal Court in Hague. Igor was not just a soldier, but a high ranking commander, which gave him a unique insight into the organization, structure, political goals and operational procedures of Wagner. The author witnessed the birth of the group and their first operations in Syria, which in 2018, saw and the first battle between US forces and Russians since the end of the Cold War. Later, Wagner infiltrated into other countries and was one of main assets of Russian armed forces in the war against Ukraine. In 2022, after the failure of the initial invasion of Ukraine, Wagner’s leader received an order to recruit directly from prisons, and convicted rapists, murderers and cannibals joined what once was a small and elite mercenary unit. In 2023, Wagner mercenaries attempted to organize a coup against Vladimir Putin but turned back at the last moment. Soon after, the leaders of the group were killed in an aircraft crash, and Wagner disappeared from the spotlight. This book allows us to look at this group through the eyes of someone who has been there, done that, and witnessed the entire history of the Wagner organization, from its origins to its ignominious end.
The Desert My Dwelling Place
In mid 1941, David Lloyd Owen, aged 24, joined the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) as a young patrol commander. He soon found his feet learning the arts of survival and navigation deep in the Libyan desert, and recounts in detail the characters in his Y Patrol, their operational methods, their team spirit and camaraderie. The LRDG was primarily concerned with reconnaissance and intelligence gathering, but was also allowed the occasional ‘beat-up’. With astonishing navigational skills based on their founder Bagnold’s invention of the sun-compass and unparalleled long-distance signal communications, the LRDG became masters of the deep desert – an area that was effectively a no-go zone for the Axis forces. Here, Lloyd Owen describes the origins of the LRDG and the formation and first operations of the SAS under David Stirling, and how the two units worked so closely and successfully together for the rest of the campaign in the desert and thereafter. ‘Popski’s Private Army’ also worked with the LRDG and the author recounts his contacts with them. For many months a significant part of the LRDG’s work involved keeping a watch on the main coast road, counting all enemy traffic and movement in both directions along it, and passing invaluable intelligence immediately back to HQ in Cairo. Other patrols not on the Road Watch were tasked with all kinds of jobs, and Y Patrol was involved in the 1942 raid on Tobruk, after which Lloyd Owen was badly wounded by a Heinkel cannon. He describes their tough military role fulfilled by hand-picked, highly trained and disciplined men, relieved by occasional raucous and happy breaks back in the flesh pots of wartime Cairo. The Desert My Dwelling Place covers Lloyd Owen’s own triumphs and frustrations, as well as those of the LRDG during the desert campaign, which ended with Rommel being finally driven out of North Africa after Montgomery’s victory at El Alamein.
From Vulcan to Spitfire and Back
Growing up in Belfast during the Troubles, Bill Perrins was a young man hell-bent on a career as a pilot. He made it through RAF pilot training—thanks more, perhaps, to sheer determination than aptitude—and finally graduated to the role of Vulcan pilot in time to take part in the 1982 Falklands War. After the RAF, Bill entered the world of commercial aviation, flying Boeing 747s and Dreamliners on long-haul, though he still found time to pilot the world’s only privately owned nuclear bomber, the mighty Vulcan XH558, at air shows, along with P51 Mustangs, Yaks and the legendary Spitfire. Way back in his boyhood, the fantasy of one day flying the Spitfire was where it had all begun—and it did not disappoint. From Vulcan to Spitfire and Back: A Life in Aviation is a humorous, unguarded, and often self-deprecating account of what it was like to be part of an RAF squadron during the Cold War—everything from burning pianos to a mid-air collision in a Tornado. It is also about the simple joys of flying, whether in the cockpit of the enormous delta-winged Vulcan or behind the sprightly controls of the inimitable Spitfire, and the camaraderie that comes with it, both in military and civil aviation.
Sir Walter Raleigh
Dispersed throughout the centuries and across the globe – a sleepy Devonshire village, a 1950s Hollywood film set, a horse hurtling on a Victorian racecourse, the Beatles meditating in India, a border dispute in South America, and a storm raging in the Outer Banks of North Carolina in 1993… they all lead back to Sir Walter Raleigh. He is the man of paradoxes: the outsider who wanted access to the royal court, a monarchist who later became a republican hero, a lover and a fighter, a pirate and a poet, the last great Elizabethan superstar and the first victim of the Stuart dynasty. Let’s chart his rise, his fall, and his legacy.
The History of the Border Collie
Although this is a general history of this multi-dimensional breed the name Border Collie never came into being till 1915. Yet always there was a supernatural Collie servant to farmers shepherds and the people of the land. This dog’s fate was spliced with our own in the battle to survive. Now from our modern perspective, we can see why the Border Collie can diversify into carrying out tasks other than gathering sheep. The beginning of the Border Collie came about on the Borders of England and Scotland when its canine ancestors arrived with the invading Roman legions out of the mists of antiquity. Our Search is deeper into why many say that Border Collies have the supernatural ability to know what their handlers are going to do next. Their sense to predict the movements of sheep or livestock is not limited by their working day. Many owners have commented that their Border Collies know extra things like if someone is not coming home or if there is something wrong. Yet these abilities may well be rooted in its hyper development through selective breeding when standard herding breeds in Britain were forged together to create this super dog. Much of the British economy during the 19th and 20th Century could not have happened without this stalwart servant of the people. The Border Collie has an inner super dog inside its black and white and multi-coloured coat driven not by aggression but by the unconditional love for its human family.
Richard III in the North
Richard III is England’s most controversial king. Forever associated with the murder of his nephews, the Princes in the Tower, he divides the nation. As spectacular as his death at Bosworth in August 1485 – the last king of England to die in battle – the astonishing discovery of his bones under a Leicester car park five centuries later renewed interest in him and re-opened old debates. Is he the world’s most wicked uncle; or is he (in the words of the man who most smeared him) ‘a prince more sinned against than sinning’?Richard was not born in the North; neither did he die there, but this detailed look at his life, tracing his steps over the thirty-three years that he lived, focuses on the area that he loved and made his own. As Lord of the North, he had castles at Middleham and Sheriff Hutton, Penrith and Sandal. He fought the Scots along the northern border and on their own territory. His son was born at Middleham and was invested as Prince of Wales at York Minster, where Richard planned to set up a college of 100 priests.His white boar device can be found in obscure corners of churches and castles; his laws, framed in the single parliament of his short reign, gave rights to the people who served him and loved him north of the Trent. And when he felt threatened or outnumbered by his enemies during the turbulent years of the Wars of the Roses, it was to the men of the North that he turned for support and advice. They became his knights of the body; members of the Council of the North which outlived Richard by a 150 years. They died with him at Bosworth.Although we cannot divorce Richard from the violent politics of the day or from events that happened far to the South, it was in the North that Richard’s heart lay.The North was his home. It was the place he loved.
The Colonial First Ladies
The first three First Ladies were born decades long before the United States became “states”. As mature women, married to arguably the most prominent men of their generation, they became political figures whether they liked it or not. All three were among the most consequential First Ladies in American history. Martha Dandridge Washington, the quintessential domestic lady, gladly went wherever her husband asked - including regular sojourns encamped with the army during wartime. She also spent eight years in New York and Philadelphia, supervising comfort in the then-executive mansions, setting the tone for the office itself. Abigail Smith Adams, the brilliant and intellectual lady, endured long separations from her politically and diplomatically active husband, survived a harrowing ocean voyage and awakened to a European sophistication she could never have imagined. Her intelligence and insights set a benchmark for what a First Lady could achieve. Dolley Payne Madison, the delightful and socially talented lady, became the most famous American woman of her time. She lifted her reticent and intellectual husband to a prominence he might never have achieved alone. She put the role on the map forever. In their own ways, they are our collective national great-grandmothers, deserving of our admiration and affection. Treasure them.
A History of Romance Novels
When you pick up the latest Emily Henry novel, or settle in for an evening with the newest volume of your favorite romantasy, you are taking part in a process stretching back two millennia. The ancient Greeks considered it a highlight of one's life to hear with one's own ears the words of the great romantic poets of their day. The Romans enjoyed sprawling romantic epics that only reunited their lovers after continent-spanning struggles against foreign armies, pirates, and treacherous monarchs. The Middle Ages sung hushed stories of lust far from the ears of the Church, while its great poets probed the darker boundaries of courtly love, and the writers of the seventeenth century delighted in giving young women ten-volume romances, delivered over the course of a decade, to fill their bookshelves and lonely hours. Writing about love, its complexities, and resolutions, has been a part of the literary tradition since its inception, but it is only in the last three centuries that the format has grown into the publishing juggernaut we know today. From the intensely observed novels of Jane Austen, through the great Sensation Novels of the 1860s that fused romance and mystery, and into the great industrial and marketing machine that was Mills & Boon and Harlequin at their height, new developments in publishing have linked up with new ideas about womanhood, sex, and romance, to produce an ever-evolving approach to the romance novel, culminating in our own modern Golden Age, where more people from more backgrounds are writing more types of romance than ever before for a readership than is larger than it has ever been, and is consuming its favourite literary form in convenient new formats. A History of Romance Novels: From Trembling Innocents to Hunky Werewolves explores the long story of our love affair with love stories, during both its eras of creative flourishing, and the long periods of industrially motivated stagnation, to give even the most dedicated romance reader a few new veins to mine, and a few more characters to fall in love with.
Pridajte sa k nám na ceste časom s našou komplexnou kolekciou encyklopédií zaoberajúcich sa históriou. Táto kategória obsahuje všetko od praveku až po súčasnosť. Študujte historické udalosti, významné osobnosti, dôležité civilizácie a momenty, ktoré formovali svet, v ktorom žijeme dnes. Ideálne pre študentov, učiteľov, ako aj pre všeobecných historických nadšencov, naše encyklopédie sú zdrojom nevyčerpaných informácií a zábavného poznávania.
Mnohé encyklopédie sú bohato ilustrované, čo umožňuje čitateľom lepšie vizualizovať a porozumieť historickým udalostiam a obdobiam.
