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The Day Peace Broke Out
At 3 p.m. on 8 May 1945, Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a long-awaited speech in which he officially declared the war in Europe to be over. After six bitter years of conflict, however, perceptions of how victory over Nazism was to be celebrated and what post-war Britain should look like were very different from the visions of the people and the politicians in 1939.Illustrated with photographs, adverts, posters and cartoons, The Day Peace Broke Out describes the VE-Day celebrations in Britain and across the world through the memories of those who were there, combined with contemporary newspaper and magazine articles. Mike Brown, an authority on the British Home Front of the Second World War, charts the nation’s progressive change of heart from defeatism to growing confidence of certain victory. He looks at the immediate post-VE-Day period and the celebration of victory over Japan in August 1945.What should have been a story with a happy ending concludes with the harsh realisation of post-war austerity and the increasing disillusionment that led many Britons to conclude that they had won the war but lost the peace.
Chamber Divers
'Fascinating...a great historical military account and essential reading' John Volanthen, author of Thirteen Lives. The untold story of the D-Day scientists who changed special operations forever. On the beaches of Normandy, two summers before D-Day, the Allies attempted an all but forgotten landing. Of the nearly seven thousand Allied troops sent ashore, only a few hundred survived the terrible massacre, and the reason for the debacle was a lack of reconnaissance. The shore turned out to be impassable to tanks. The Nazis had hidden obstacles in unexpected places. The fortifications were more numerous – and deadly – than imagined. The Allies knew they needed to take the fight to Hitler on the European mainland to end the war, but they could not afford to be unprepared again. A small group of eccentric researchers, experimenting on themselves from inside pressure tanks in the middle of the London air raids, explored the deadly science needed to enable the critical reconnaissance vessels and underwater breathing apparatuses that would enable the Allies’ dramatic, history-making success during the next major beach landing: D-Day.
1945
1945: one of the most important years in modern history. Encompassing not only the celebration of peace and an end to the Second World War, butalso the devastating first use of nuclear weapons and the long shadow cast by such destruction. In this landmark publication, Anthony Richards tells the story of this momentous year through IWM’s unique collections, using personal testimony and rarelyseen imagery to consider the wide-ranging experiences of that 12-month period. From continued fighting through North-West Europe, South-East Asia and the Pacific to the liberation of concentration camps, while encompassing the postwar desire for reconstruction, repatriation and justice, 1945: A Visual History guides readers through this year of unprecedented change, which laid the foundation for the modern world.
The National Debt
A New Statesman Book of the YearA Financial Times Summer ReadWhile it is central to today''s politics, few people fully understand the National Debt and its role in shaping the course of British history. Without it, Britain would not have gained--and lost--two empires, nor won its wars against France and Germany. But Britain has also been moulded by attempts to break free of the Debt, from postwar Keynesian economics to today''s austerity. Martin Slater writes a vivid tale coloured with some of the most dramatic incidents and personalities of Britain''s past--from clashes between King and Parliament, American independence and war in Europe, to the abolition of slavery, the development of the Union and the role of leading figures such as Pitt, Gladstone, Adam Smith and Keynes. From medieval times to the 2008 financial crash and beyond, The National Debt explores the changing fortunes of the Debt, and so of Great Britain.
Vikings in the East
In Western Europe, we typicallyassociate Vikings with the storm-tossed waters of the North Sea and the NorthAtlantic, the deep Scandinavian fjords and the attacks on the monasteries andsettlements of north-western Europe. This popular image rarely includes theriver systems of Russia and Ukraine, the wide sweep of the Eurasian steppe, thefar shores of the Caspian Sea, the incense and rituals of the Eastern OrthodoxChurch and the high walls and towers of the city of Constantinople. Yet formany Viking raiders, traders and settlers, it was the road to the East thatbeckoned. These Viking adventurers foundedthe Norse-Slavic dynasties of the Rus, which are entangled in the bitterlycontested origin myths of Russia and Ukraine. The Rus were the first communityin the region to convert to Christianity - in its Eastern Orthodox form - andso they are at the heart of the concept of 'Holy Russia'. Russian rulers havefrequently referenced these Norse origins when trying to enhance their powerand secure control over the Ukrainian lands, most recently demonstrated byVladimir Putin as his justification for seizing Crimea and invading Ukraine. In this fascinating and timelybook, historian Martyn Whittock explores the important but often misunderstoodand manipulated role played by the Vikings in the origins of Russian power, thedeadly consequences of which we are still living with today.
The Shang Economy
This Element constitutes a systematic attempt to preliminarily reconstruct the Shang economy based on contemporary archaeological and textual evidence. At the same time, the rapid pace of Chinese archaeological discovery and the increasing deployment of archaeological science means that there is a wealth of new information making a new synthesis both challenging and necessary. This synthesis was written from the perspective that the study of ancient economy necessarily proceeds from the construction of models and the systematic exploration of principal economic components, including their articulation and change over time. Setting the Shang in comparative context with other ancient economies in this series, those principal components are the domestic and institutional economy, specialization, forms of exchange, and diachronic developments. It is hoped that with this organization, comparison with other ancient economies can be more easily made and the significance of the Shang case more clearly seen.
Irish Fairy Forts
Far more than just a faint echo of the past, Ireland’s fairy forts are still vibrantly alive. The traditions connected to them are so powerful that, even today, people rarely interfere with Irish fairy forts or fairy trees. They aren’t built on; roads curve around them; farmers don’t plough over them The most numerous ancient remains in Ireland today, numbering up to 50,000 or more, these enigmatic mounds and grassy banks seem to call out to us from an earlier time. So, what are they, who built them and what were they for? And how have so many survived for so lon? ith evocative photographs by Richard Mills, master folklorist Jo Kerrigan explores the origins of these mysterious circular structures: the stories and legends, the history and archaeology, the living traditions and practices connected to them. And reminds us of the dangers of disturbing the ancient spirits dwelling beneath.
The Little Book of Bath
Did you Know? The first postage stamp in the world was issued in Bath – by mistake! Bath’s Royal Victoria Park contains two stone vases originally intended as gifts from Napoleon Bonaparte to Josephine, who became his first wife. The thermal waters of Bath are the only truly hot springs in Britain. According to legend, the healing springs of Bath were discovered by pigs. Bath is one of the most visited cities in the world and countless books have told the history of its beautiful buildings and parks – yet the chances are that this fact-packed compendium will enhance your knowledge further.From ancient Roman curses to the discovery of a planet from a back garden, and from the arrest of Jane Austen''s aunt to the pub visited by Charles Dickens, The Little Book of Bath is full of surprises. Perfect for dipping into as well as reading cover to cover, here is the Bath few people get to know!
Lost to the Sea
''An immersive and lyrically personal journey through deep-time and modern tides'' RAYNOR WINN''Wondrous, elegant and haunting, Lost to the Sea is a fascinating alternative history of the fractured, flooded and eroded edges of Britain and Ireland'' PHILIP HOAREMedieval kingdoms. Notorious pirate towns. Drowned churches. Crocodile-infested swamps.On a series of coastal walks, Lisa Woollett takes us on an illuminating journey, bringing to life the places where mythology and reality meet at the very edges of Britain and Ireland.From Bronze Age settlements on the Isles of Scilly and submerged prehistoric forests in Wales, to a Victorian amusement park on the Isle of Wight and castles in the air off County Clare, Lisa draws together archaeology, meetings with locals and tales from folklore to reveal how the sea has forged, shaped and often overwhelmed these landscapes and communities.Lost to the Sea is an exhilarating voyage around the ever-shifting shores of the British Isles, and a haunting ode to our profound relationship with the sea.''A hugely enjoyable mosaic of history, myth and imagination'' SARA WHEELER''Beautifully written and researched . . . I was immediately tempted to head out in search of lost lands'' WYL MENMUIR
Sum of Us
What has data ever done for u? eorgina Sturge, House of Commons Library statistician and author of the critically acclaimed Bad Data, explores the rich history of the times the UK has counted itself - from the revolutionary first census of 1801 to modern worries over technological surveillance. Condensing a whole society into numbers brought hidden problems to light: mapping cholera deaths in Soho led researchers to a single deadly water pump; Florence Nightingale stunned the Victorian establishment with her diagrams showing disease was the soldier's hidden enemy; and the discovery that industries like firework-making were almost entirely staffed by women helped improve workers' rights. The census also reveals the people left out of the nation's story. Records reveal the remarkable presence of escaped American slaves living in nineteenth century Leeds, and that by 1901 there were 600 professional Italian cooks in the UK. More recent data has acknowledged religion, ethnicity, and LGBT identity for the first time. Sturge also tracks those who have resisted the state's attempts at tabulation - people burning survey forms, stripping naked in protest and, in the case of 500 Suffragettes, avoiding the 1911 census by skating all night round Aldwych roller rink. Full of fascinating social detail, Sum of Us draws out the human stories captured in the vast tangle of data the UK has collected over two centuries. It provides a vital snapshot not of who we imagine ourselves to be - but who we really are.
Homecoming
Documents the lives of Greek Jews who returned after surviving persecution, combat, and exile during World War II. Homecoming records the experiences of Greek Jews who returned to their native country after World War II, when many went into hiding, fought in combat, became refugees, or were deported, some to Nazi death camps. Though they wanted more than anything to survive and come home, those who returned to postwar Greece faced isolation, anguish, deprivation, and hostility in the midst of a civil war. Their stories, which rarely feature in discussions of the Holocaust, raise important questions about its aftermath across Europe. Based on exhaustive archival research and new interviews with Holocaust survivors across several continents, Katerina Králová’s new book adds to our understanding of the genocide and its impact.
Iranian Air Force
The history of the Iranian Air Force, currently known as the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF), can be divided into two phases – before the Islamic Revolution (1978–79) and after it. The origins of the force lie in the Imperial Iranian Air Force (IIAF), which became operation with its first fully trained pilots in 1925\. Until World War Two, the IIAF inventory consisted of entirely od European aircraft, however, following the British and Soviet invasion of Iran, the IIAF’s bases were occupied and all aircraft destroyed. In this book, Babak Taghvaee examines the inventory of the IIAF during both world wars.
Arab Orthodox Christians Under the Ottomans 1516–1831
Over the past several decades, the world''s attention has been drawn to the presence of significant minority religious groups within the predominantly Islamic Middle East. Of these minorities Christians are by far the largest, comprising over 10% of the population in Syria and as much as 40% in Lebanon. This work fills a gap in the scholarship of wider Christian history and more specifically that of lived religion within the Ottoman empire. The author traces the evolution of Arab Orthodox Christian society from its roots in the Hellenistic culture of the Byzantine Empire to a distinctly Syro-Palestinian identity. There follows a detailed examination of this multi-faceted community, from the Ottoman conquest of Syria, Palestine and Egypt in 1516 to the Egyptian invasion of Syria in 1831. The author draws on archaeological evidence and previously unpublished primary sources uncovered in Russian archives and Middle Eastern monastic libraries to present a vivid and compelling account of this vital but little-known spiritual and political culture, situating it within a complex network of relations reaching throughout the Mediterranean, the Caucasus and Eastern Europe.
The Determined Spy
Frank Wisner was one of the most powerful men in 1950s Washington, though few knew it. Reporting directly to senior U.S. officials - his work largely hidden from Congress and the public - Wisner masterminded some of the CIA''s most daring and controversial operations in the early years of the Cold War, commanding thousands of clandestine agents around the world. Following an early career marked by exciting escapades as a key World War II spy under General William ''Wild Bill'' Donovan, Wisner quickly rose through the postwar intelligence ranks to lead a newly created top secret unit tasked - under little oversight - with overseeing massive propaganda, economic warfare, sabotage, subversion, and guerrilla operations all over the world, including such daring initiatives as the CIA-backed coups in Iran and Guatemala. But simultaneously, Wisner faced a demon few at the time understood: bipolar disorder. When this debilitating disease resulted in his breakdown and transfer to a mental hospital, the repercussions were felt throughout Washington''s highest levels of power. Waller''s sensitive and exhaustively researched biography is the riveting story of both Frank Wisner as a national figure who inspired a cadre of future CIA secret warriors, and also an intimate and empathetic portrait of a man whose harrowing struggle with bipolar disorder makes his impressive accomplishments on the world stage even more remarkable.
Landscaping Indigenous Mexico
A history of the PurÉpecha people's survival amid environmental and political changes. Landscapes are more than geological formations; they are living records of human struggles. Landscaping Indigenous Mexico unearths the history of JuÁtarhu, an Indigenous landscape shaped and nurtured by the PurÉpecha-a formidable Mesoamerican people whose power once rivaled that of the Aztecs. Although cataclysmic changes came with European contact and colonization, JuÁtarhu’s enduring agroecology continued to sustain local life through centuries of challenges. Contesting essentialist narratives of Indigenous penury, PÉrez Montesinos shows how PurÉpechas thrived after Mexican independence in 1821, using JuÁtarhu’s diverse agroecology to negotiate continued autonomy amid waves of national economic and political upheaval. After 1870, however, autonomy waned under the pressure of land privatization policies, state intervention, and industrial logging. On the eve of the Mexican Revolution in 1910, PurÉpechas stood at a critical juncture: Would the Indigenous landscape endure or succumb? Offering a fresh perspective on a seemingly well-worn subject, PÉrez Montesinos argues that MichoacÁn, long considered a peripheral revolutionary region, saw one of the era’s most radical events: the destruction of the liberal order and the timber capitalism of JuÁtarhu.
The Triumph of the Dark
In this magisterial narrative, Zara Steiner traces the twisted road to war that began with Hitler''s assumption of power in Germany. Covering a wide geographical canvas, from America to the Far East, Steiner provides an indispensable reassessment of the most disputed events of these tumultuous years. Steiner underlines the far-reaching consequences of the Great Depression, which shifted the initiative in international affairs from those who upheld the status quo to those who were intent on destroying it. In Europe, the l930s were Hitler''s years. He moved the major chess pieces on the board, forcing the others to respond. From the start, Steiner argues, he intended war, and he repeatedly gambled on Germany''s future to acquire the necessary resources to fulfil his continental ambitions. Only war could have stopped him-an unwelcome message for most of Europe. Misperception, miscomprehension, and misjudgment on the part of the other Great Powers leaders opened the way for Hitler''s repeated diplomatic successes. It is ideology that distinguished the Hitler era from previous struggles for the mastery of Europe. Ideological presumptions created false images and raised barriers to understanding that even good intelligence could not penetrate. Only when the leaders of Britain and France realized the scale of Hitler''s ambition, and the challenge Germany posed to their Great Power status, did they finally declare war.
Seven Social Movements That Changed America
How do social movements arise, wield power and decline? Renowned scholar Linda Gordon investigates these questions in a ground-breaking work, narrating the stories of many of America’s most influential twentieth-century social movements. Beginning with the turn-of-the-century settlement house movement, Gordon then scrutinises the 1920s Ku Klux Klan and its successors, the violent American fascist groups of the 1930s. Profiles of two Depression-era movements follow—the Townsend campaign that brought us Social Security and the creation of unemployment aid. Proceeding then to the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott, which inspired the civil rights movement and launched Martin Luther King Jr.’s career, the narrative barrels into the 1960s–70s with Cesar Chavez’s farmworkers’ union. The concluding chapter illumines the 1970s women’s liberation movement through the dramatic story of the Boston-area organisations Bread and Roses and the Combahee River Collective. Separately and together, these seven chapters animate American history, reminding us of the power of collective activism.
Urban Warfare in the Twenty-First Century
War is urbanising. From Mosul to Mumbai, Aleppo to Marawi, the largest and most intense battles of the twenty-first century have taken place in densely populated urban areas. In the Ukraine War, Russian and Ukrainian troops have converged on urban areas, Kyiv, Mariupol, and Bakhmut, to fight brutal attritional sieges. Meanwhile the Battle of Gaza rages. Through a close analysis of recent urban conflicts and their historical antecedents, sociologist Anthony King explores the changing typography of the urban battlescape. Whilst many tactics used in urban warfare are not new, he shows how operations in cities today have coalesced into localised micro-sieges, which extend from street level – and below – to the airspace high above the city, as combatants fight for individual buildings, streets and districts. At the same time, digitalized social media and information networks communicate these battles to global audiences across an urban archipelago, with these spectators often becoming active participants in the fight. Fully revised and updated to include detailed examples from Ukraine and Gaza to illustrate the anatomy of twenty-first century urban warfare, the second edition of this popular text is a timely reminder of the costs and the horror of war and violence in cities. As such, it offers an invaluable interdisciplinary introduction to urban warfare in the new millennium for students of international security, urban studies and military science, as well as military professionals.
Yale and Slavery
A comprehensive look at how slavery and resistance to it have shaped Yale University “The most mature examination ever made of the role of slavery in a university’s past.”—John Samuel Harpham, Times Literary Supplement Award-winning historian David W. Blight, with the Yale and Slavery Research Project, answers the call to investigate Yale University’s historical involvement with slavery, the slave trade, and abolition. This narrative history demonstrates the importance of slavery in the making of this renowned American institution of higher learning. Drawing on wide-ranging archival materials, Yale and Slavery extends from the century before the college’s founding in 1701 to the dedication of its Civil War memorial in 1915, while engaging with the legacies and remembrance of this complex story. The book brings into focus the enslaved and free Black people who have been part of Yale’s history from the beginning—but too often ignored in official accounts. These individuals and their descendants worked at Yale; petitioned and fought for freedom and dignity; built churches, schools, and antislavery organizations; and were among the first Black students to transform the university from the inside. Always alive to the surprises and ironies of the past, Yale and Slavery presents a richer and more complete history of Yale, the third-oldest college in the country, showing how pillars of American higher education, even in New England, emerged over time intertwined with the national and international history of racial slavery.
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