Najnovšie - Encyklopédie populárno-náučné - História strana 158 z 161
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Girl Power?
An examination of how, when, and why austerity capitalism and strands of feminism became intertwined, and why girl-focused programs have been at the heart of international policymaking. Girl-focused education programs have long been at the heart of international policymaking—when girls’ access to education is ensured, the reasoning goes, they are more likely to turn into productive adults who can drive economic growth. These ideas combine strands of feminism and capitalism that have a specific and understudied origin. In this book, historian Sarah Bellows-Blakely shows how a doctored study of girls’ education in East and Southern Africa led to the creation of international norms in the United Nations that would go on to guide policymaking on women’s rights and economic growth, promoting neoliberal feminist policy at the expense of other forms of gender-based justice. Focusing on the growth of free-market feminism and girl-focused economic development planning through the relationship between UNICEF and the Nairobi-based NGO FEMNET, Bellows-Blakely reveals how their joint efforts set the blueprints for linked movements of economic development and women’s rights that are still ongoing. Through a narrative of the UNICEF-FEMNET lobbying campaign, Bellows-Blakely shows how multiple, contested girl-focused visions of economic programming and gender justice became selectively erased in favor of an approach to global policy centered on the free-market construction and strategic deployment of the African “girl child.”
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31,99 €
Gdansk
It was where World War II began on September 1, 1939. Its wartime experience was immortalized in Günter Grass`s The Tin Drum. Later it attracted worldwide attention as the site where workers` strikes led by Lech Walesa and the ensuing Solidarity movement led to the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe. Proud Hanseatic port, heart of the Baltic Sea trade, twice a "Free City," present-day liberal, cosmopolitan center: Gdańsk''s story between Germany and Poland is rich and fascinating. As Peter Oliver Loew colorfully shows, Gdańsk, also known as Danzig, is incomparable not only because of its recent past but also in how it has so uniquely embodied the tensions of the European continent over the last millennium. Situated geographically and culturally within these tensions, the city has developed a fascinating identity amid frequent conflict and shifting national affiliations. From prehistoric amber workers to early Slavic dukes, the conquest of the Teutonic Order, and submission to the Polish crown, Gdańsk''s development led to a remarkable flowering. Around 1650, no city between Moscow and Amsterdam was bigger or wealthier. As Poland''s decline culminated with the Partitions of Poland, the city ultimately found itself annexed into Prussia. The destruction of 1945 brought an almost entirely new Polish population, who rebuilt the historic center, now part of the reconstituted Polish state. Through each historical rupture, and despite the efforts of distant courts and capitals to rewrite its history, Gdańsk has maintained--or sometimes rediscovered--a connection to its own past. Today the port city on the Vistula once again thrives, drawing strength from its diversity and history. Drawing on the latest research of German and Polish historians, Peter Oliver Loew vividly portrays the politics, economy, society, culture, and everyday life of a European city par excellence.
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29,99 €
The New Total War
Fromthe revolutionary use of drones to staged coups, child abduction and psychologicalwarfare, the war in Ukraine is like no other. It is a new form of total war, combiningtraditional military force with all the non-military tools of the Russian state. The 2022 invasion was just the next stage of a conflict that Russia has beenfighting since 2005, using all the tactics at its disposal to control Ukraine'spolitics and wreak havoc. Combiningover a decade of research, astute analysis and powerful stories from the frontline, and including striking photographs of the people and scenes heencountered along the way, Bob Seely has written the authoritative guide tothis new form of conflict. Travelling extensively throughout Ukraine, Seelymeets figures such as Panoushka, the sniper who continues to fight despite theloss of her fiance, and Ksenia, the seventeen-year-old who journeyed throughRussia searching for her abducted younger brother. Above all, Seely argues thatunderstanding Moscow's new total war is critical because Russia considersitself at war with the West as well as Ukraine, directing some of the tacticsused there against us. Insightful,gripping and at times moving, this book is essential reading for anyone who wantsto understand the unconventional methods Russia and other authoritarian stateswill use to challenge the West for global supremacy and undermine our beliefs, powerand influence.
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33,49 €
National Duties
A historical account of the relationship between the federal government and merchant capital in the formative years of the American Republic. In the wake of the American Revolution, if you had asked a citizen whether his fledgling state would survive more than two centuries, the answer would have been far from confident. The problem, as is so often the case, was money. Left millions of dollars of debt by the war, the nascent federal government created a system of taxes on imported goods and installed custom houses at the nation’s ports, which were charged with collecting these fees. Gradually, the houses amassed enough revenue from import merchants to stabilize the new government. But, as the fragile United States was dependent on this same revenue, the merchants at the same time gained outsized influence over the daily affairs of customs houses. As the United States tried to police this commerce in the early nineteenth century, the merchants’ stranglehold on custom house governance proved to be formidable. In National Duties, Gautham Rao makes the case that the origins of the federal government and the modern American state lie in these conflicts at government custom houses between the American Revolution and the presidency of Andrew Jackson. He argues that the contours of the government emerged from the push-and-pull between these groups, with commercial interests gradually losing power to the administrative state, which only continued to grow and lives on today.
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31,99 €
The Identity at Death of the Old and Young from the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages on the Southeast Asian Mainland
Archaeological exploration of burial practices continues to provide insight into socio-historical cultural practices, behaviours, and attitudes to individual community members at the point of their death. This insight speaks to dominant social practices or beliefs within a population and may demonstrate connectedness with other regional localities. The ever-expanding body of evidence from burial settings across Mainland Southeast Asia, incorporating considerations of the range of social identities prominent in archaeological discourse, demonstrates the presence of complex, vibrant, and diverse practices throughout this region geographically and across time.The Identity at Death of the Old and Young explores four burial sites from the southeast Asian mainland, populated in the Neolithic to Iron Age, to discuss burial behaviour in relation to the old and young. While a biological sex identity is considered, the study primarily explores the potentiality for age identities as a defining social characteristic at, and between, each site. A range of burial variables, normative and non-normative, are interrogated to illuminate and discuss social attitudes and behaviours toward each cohort.This book provides the first comprehensive study of elderly subjects in mortuary settings from Mainland Southeast Asia. It incorporates emerging ageing methodologies and provides a regional perspective from discrete sites that contribute to the growing focus of older subjects in archaeological settings internationally.
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83,49 €
Exchanging Objects
As an historical account of the exchange of “duplicate specimens” between anthropologists at the Smithsonian Institution and museums, collectors, and schools around the world in the late nineteenth century, this book reveals connections between both well-known museums and little-known local institutions, created through the exchange of museum objects. It explores how anthropologists categorized some objects in their collections as “duplicate specimens,” making them potential candidates for exchange. This historical form of what museum professionals would now call deaccessioning considers the intellectual and technical requirement of classifying objects in museums, and suggests that a deeper understanding of past museum practice can inform mission-driven contemporary museum work.
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36,99 €
?A 17th-century burial ground of St Thomas’s Hospital, Southwark
?Archaeological excavations at Shard Place, Southwark, by Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA) revealed evidence of funerary activity associated with old St Thomas’s Hospital. The discovery of 811 inhumations, dating from the 17th to early 18th century exposed the intensive nature of burial activity in an area immediately to the south-east of the hospital buildings. This burial assemblage, together with dumps of hospital waste and evidence of structural remains associated with the 18th-century hospital rebuilding, enhances our knowledge of the early history of this London institution. The study of the skeletal remains of 794 individuals, the majority of whom must have been inmates at St Thomas’s Hospital, provides an insight into the health of the population and the diseases from which they suffered. The demographic structure of the burial sample reveals elevated vulnerability in adolescence and early adulthood, an indication of the health risks inherent within an increasingly crowded urban landscape. The City’s poor endured cramped living conditions and rising levels of pollution. Many migrated to London in search of jobs as labourers, or servants and apprentices. The burial ground revealed early evidence of hospital medical practice in the form of surgical limb amputation. Skeletal evidence of venereal syphilis was also identified, consistent with records of specialist ‘foul wards’ at St Thomas’s Hospital, provided for those suffering from this chronic condition.
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19,99 €
Luftwaffe Intruder Operations Over the United Kingdom
On 17 July 1940, Oberst Josef Kammhuber took command of the Luftwaffe’s 1 Nachtjagddivision after his release from French captivity. He was tasked with combating RAF bombers, which were increasingly threatening Germany during the Battle of Britain. Kammhuber’s strategy, the Fernnachtjagd (long-range night fighter missions), focused on targeting bombers while they were vulnerable during takeoff and return to bases.Kammhuber believed that converted German bombers like the Dornier Do 17Z and Junkers Ju 88, flown by experienced crews, would be ideal for these missions. The first claims from Fernnachtjagd occurred on 23 July 1940, when Luftwaffe pilots mistakenly shot down a Bristol Blenheim, thinking it was a Vickers Wellington. These night missions continued over the next few years, with varying success.By 1942, the campaign shifted to a “stopgap” phase, and the introduction of the Messerschmitt Me 210 and Me 410 marked further changes in the tactics and aircraft used. While Fernnachtjagd operations had some impact in 1941, by 1944, their effectiveness had diminished. Notably, during the Allies'' Berlin raid on 19 February 1944, the Luftwaffe claimed more RAF bombers than the entire Me 410 campaign achieved in 14 months.
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33,49 €
Archaeoseismology in a Mediterranean City
Seismic risk is a global challenge that spans multiple disciplines. Archaeology plays a crucial role, offering significant value in preserving and understanding Cultural Heritage. This book, through the European PROTECT project, explores how archeoseismology applied to architecture can make a meaningful impact. Focusing on the historic center of Siena, it presents new methodologies and innovative findings, offering a multidisciplinary approach that uncovers fresh perspectives on a complex urban and social context, as well as its relationship with both medieval and modern earthquakes.
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45,99 €
American Freethought
A history of how the freethought movement fought to maintain a secular United States. Although today it has largely faded from public memory, the American freethought movement played an important role in shaping the religious landscape of the United States. Without its influence, state and local governments might still demand that public officeholders subscribe to specific religious doctrines and prosecute those who question the existence of God or the authority of the Bible for blasphemy. In American Freethought, David C. Hoffman traces the history of the freethought movement to discover the strategies that allowed it to endure and succeed in a fervently religious nation. Hoffman argues that American freethought has proceeded through four waves: a period of deism inspired by Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason and allied with Jeffersonian republicanism in the 1790s; a revival in 1825 that centered on the celebration of Paine's birthday and drew in the followers of utopian socialist Robert Owen; a "golden age of freethought" in the late 1870s that saw an unprecedented explosion of freethought publications and organizations together with a demand for the separation of church and state; and a final resurgence in the 1920s that helped realize the remarkable series of twentieth-century Supreme Court decisions that created America's present conditions of secularism. Hoffman argues that the freethought movement was successful because it united people with a wide variety of religious outlooks—including deists, pantheists, Unitarians, Universalists, spiritualists, transcendentalists, Humanists, agnostics, and atheists—behind the idea that religion is freer and the state is more just when the government refrains from religious involvement.
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69,49 €
When Russia Did Democracy
When Lenin and the Bolsheviks shut down the Constituent Assembly after only one session, it was said to mark the end of Russia’s one-day experiment with democracy. However, with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, a true period of democracy was ushered in – creating a strange world scarcely believable when viewed from the era of Vladimir Putin.A fascinated witness of Russian politics, Kenneth MacInnes lived in the country through this unique and exciting era. His book not only chronicles this ten-year period, but also reveals all the other times in history when Russia led the world in democratic freedoms and popular representation.During the Middle Ages, the republic of Novgorod was the world’s largest democracy. The national parliament established by Ivan the Terrible elected tsars, while the Russian Empire was the first place in Europe where women voted in local and national elections. In 1917, the Provisional Government passed the freest electoral law ever written.This book covers everything from the popular democratic struggles of 1612 and 1991 to the local ‘republics’ set up during wars, revolutions and foreign invasions. It describes how Lenin and Stalin stood in democratic elections, the day Yeltsin’s tanks bombed parliament, the history of ‘Western interference’ in Russian polls – and why Putin has such a deep aversion to free ballots.
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15,99 €
These Seats Are Reserved
The book delves into the intellectual debates that took place on this matter in the Constituent Assembly, the Supreme Court and Parliament. Several contentious issues are examined dispassionately: are reservations an exception to the principle of equality of opportunity? Do quotas in government service undermine efficiency? Can ''merit'' really be defined neutrally? What is the thinking behind the rule that no more than 50 per cent of the available seats or positions can be reserve? eservation or affirmative action is a hugely controversial policy in India. While constitutionally mandated and with historians, political scientists and social activists convinced of its need, many resist it and consider it as compromising ''merit'' and against the principle of equality of opportunity.
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19,99 €
An End of War
After D-Day in 1944 many British troops believed the war would be over by Christmas. The German Army in Normandy had been destroyed, but by Christmas the Allies were still fighting through Holland, whilst the Germans had reorganised and were fighting back.Ken Tout, using his own experiences on the frontline and interviews with many veterans, recounts how the last gasps of the German Army saw some of the fiercest and most fanatical fighting of the whole war. Major offensives include Hitler’s last desperate attempt to reverse the tide of war in the Battle of the Bulge and the Western Allies’ epic struggle to cross the Rhine.Also explored are the lesser known (but no less important) battles for the Hochwald and Reichwald, and the extraordinary journey of the Polish 1st Armoured Division from defeat and exile to final victory. This last year of war is filled with stories from the tragedy of whole groups of men being frozen to death in battle areas to the triumph of logistics, ingenuity, and bravery. Soldiers, who had lived for so long under the horrors of war that as they neared the end their desperate desire to survive grew ever stronger, speak of how these last battles took their toll on a wearied army.Fighting continued up to VE Day in May and some units were in action for days longer as confusion reigned about the enemy surrender. Even after the fighting had finished, the war was not over for these men who had to round up and guard German prisoners of war, and watch over thousands of displaced people. As the world reminds us today, war does not necessarily end when a ceasefire is declared.
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19,99 €
Wakefield's Military Heritage
Following the Norman Conquest, the manor of Wakefield became a Norman stronghold, with castles being built at Sandal and Wakefield by the Warenne family, earls of Surrey. A crucial battle was fought at Wakefield in the Wars of the Roses in 1460, resulting in the death of Richard, Duke of York. Another battle was fought over Wakefield in the Civil War, when Parliamentarian troops besieged and destroyed Sandal Castle and captured the prosperous port and market town from Royalist defenders. Later centuries saw troops levied in Wakefield to fight Bonnie Prince Charlie and volunteers raised to fight Napoleon. These volunteers served throughout Britain’s foreign conflicts in the nineteenth century, and during the two world wars in the twentieth century. The home front in Wakefield during these conflicts also experienced the wars, and the sites of underground bomb shelters from the Second World War still exist.Wakefield’s Military Heritage delves into this city’s remarkable military history and will be of interest to locals and visitors alike.
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19,99 €
Emotions and Surgery in Britain, 1793–1912
In this innovative analytical account of the place of emotion and embodiment in nineteenth-century British surgery, Michael Brown examines the changing emotional dynamics of surgical culture for both surgeons and patients from the pre-anaesthetic era through the introduction of anaesthesia and antisepsis techniques. Drawing on diverse archival and published sources, Brown explores how an emotional regime of Romantic sensibility, in which emotions played a central role in the practice and experience of surgery, was superseded by one of scientific modernity, in which the emotions of both patient and practitioner were increasingly marginalised. Demonstrating that the cultures of contemporary surgery and the emotional identities of its practitioners have their origins in the cultural and conceptual upheavals of the later nineteenth century, this book challenges us to question our perception of the pre-anaesthetic period as an era of bloody brutality and casual cruelty. This title is also available as open access.
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39,49 €
Heatwave
With scorching temperatures soaring to 35 degrees Centigrade, severe water shortages and a sunburned population queuing at the street standpipes, the summer of 1976 will always be remembered as Britain''s hottest on record. But the wave that hit the UK that year was also cultural and political with upheaval on the streets, in parliament, on the cricket pitch and on the radios and tv sets of a nation at a crossroads.Before this blistering summer, Britain seemed stuck in the post-war era, a country where people were all in it together - as long as you were white, male and straight. Some of that didn''t change. Long-haired likely lads - from the Confessions film star Robin Askwith to motor cycling teen idol Barry Sheene - were having a right old time in the gossip columns, all champagne and dolly birds. But with the Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson suddenly quitting, the pound sinking and the economy tanking, a restless immigrant population and increasing dissatisfaction in the old world order, the weather seemed to boil up the country to the point where the lid blew off.In Heatwave, John L. Williams, takes us back to relive the events of that summer - not all of them well known, to create a portrait of a nation simmering for change. In early June, Asian kids are rioting in Southall after a teenage Sikh is stabbed to death. By August bank holiday, Black youth are making the police run for their lives in the almighty riot at the Notting Hill Carnival. In July, Tom Robinson writes a song called Glad to be Gay, a young Black lesbian called Joan Armatrading hits big with Love and Affection, and Black Liverpudlians The Real Thing top the charts with the anthem of the summer. With punks and soul boys wearing Kings Road fashions to clubs, gigs and seaside weekenders, and an all-female feminist band battling male chauvinism (on TV''s Rock Follies), it seems like straight white Britain is seriously on the back foot. So much so that Eric Clapton is drunkenly ranting about how Enoch Powell was right, while, on the cricket pitch, the West Indies cricket team, armed with four fast bowlers, are demolishing England''s line-up of Dad''s Army veterans. Weaving a rich tapestry of the news stories of the year, with social commentary and dozens of first person interviews with those that were there at the time, Williams''s reappraisal of the summer of ''76 is an evocative, sometimes nostalgic but always an unflinching read. As we enter a new period of record temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns, the reader can''t help seeing parallels with the Britain of today, and asking themselves - just how much has changed?
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29,49 €
Environment and Society in Soviet Estonia, 1960–1990
Russia''s twenty-first-century military aggression has inspired calls for re-thinking the Soviet era and its aftermath ? in particular, for drawing attention to the non-Russian parts of the (former) USSR. At the same time, the present era of anthropogenic climate change urges us to consider the global and planetary implications of local actions. This Element combines these two scholarly impulses to consider Soviet Estonian society between the 1960s and the 1980s: it investigates how natural environments and social ideas and circumstances were intertwined in fundamental ways. Estonian intellectuals cared deeply about their local environments, but they also took inspiration from environmentalist works of global importance. Various aspects of Estonian environmental thought and practices are analyzed as tied to local, intimate environments, while being at the same time connected to the global circulation of ideas, sometimes in dialogue with Soviet centers in Russia.
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23,49 €
Hitler’s Atrocities against Allied PoWs
Seventy years ago, the Nuremberg Trials were in full swing in Germany. In the dock were the leaders of the Nazi regime and most eventually received their just desserts. But what happened to the other war criminal? n June 1946, Lord Russell of Liverpool became Deputy Judge Advocate and legal adviser to the Commander in Chief for the British Army of the Rhine in respect of all trials held by British Military Courts of German war criminals. He later wrote;''At the outbreak of the Second World War, the treatment of prisoners was governed by the Geneva Prisoner of War Convention of 1929, the Preamble of which stated that the aim of the signatories was to alleviate the conditions of prisoners of war.''During the war, however, the provisions of the Convention were repeatedly disregarded by Germany. Prisoners were subjected to brutality and ill-treatment, employed on prohibited and dangerous work, handed over to the SD for "special treatment" in pursuance of Hitler''s Commando Order, lynched in the streets by German civilians, sent to concentration camps, shot on recapture after escaping, and even massacred after they had laid down their arms and surrendered.''Tens of thousands of Allied prisoners of war died at the hands of the Nazis and their Italian allies. This book is for them – lest we forget.
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19,99 €
Polaris
The atom bombs dropped on Japan at the end of the Second World War opened the door to the nuclear age. Seeing the potential for developing nuclear energy for the US Navy, Capt. Hyman Rickover initiated a research program that culminated in the launch of USS Nautilus, the world''s first nuclear-powered submarine. Meanwhile, ballistic missile technology was developing fast, but still relied on complex liquid fuels. The US Navy partnered with the army to develop a ballistic missile for both services, but withdrew when solid fuels became a practical proposition. Under the leadership of RADM William Raborn, the US Navy set up its own project: the Polaris weapon system. In 1960, the first missile-armed nuclear-powered submarine (SSBN) left on patrol, with forty more to follow in subsequent years. Two years later, when Britain''s Blue Streak and Skybolt plans were canceled, Harold Macmillan and John F. Kennedy agreed for Polaris to be supplied to the Royal Navy.
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39,49 €
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