Pen & Sword Books Ltd

The Battle of Berlin, the bombing of the ‘Big City’ as it was known to the crews of RAF Bomber Command, raged from 18 November 1943 to the end of the war in Europe in 1945. It is recalled here both by those in the air over capital of the Third Reich, as well as those who suffered under the bombing onslaught.At the start of the Battle of Berlin, Sir Arthur Harris had predicted that the ‘Big City’ would ‘cost between 400-500 aircraft’, but that it would also ‘cost Germany the war’. He was proved wrong on both counts. Berlin was not ‘wrecked from end to end’, as Harris predicted on 3 November 1943 – ‘if the USAAF will come in on it’ – although a considerable part of it was destroyed. And the ‘Main Battle of Berlin’ did not cost Germany the war; a grinding land campaign had yet to be fought. More than 9,000 bombing sorties were flown during the battle on round trips of about 1,200 miles to Berlin and back.Berlin was bombed by four Allied air forces between 1940 and 1945. British bombers alone dropped 45,517 tons of bombs, whilst the Americans a further 23,000 tons. By 1944, some 1.2 million people, 790,000 of them women and children, about a quarter of Berlin’s population, had been evacuated to rural areas. An effort was made to evacuate all children from Berlin, but this was defeated by parents and many evacuees who soon made their way back to the city. However, by May 1945, 1.7 million people – 40% of the population – had fled the city.This fitting tribute to those who died in the relentless struggle to knock Berlin, and hopefully Germany, out of the war resonates with eye-witness accounts and background information which the author has painstakingly investigated and researched. The result is a hugely fascinating and highly readable narrative containing very real and unique observations by British and Commonwealth aircrew and, equally importantly, the long-suffering citizens of Berlin, and well as the capital’s defenders.Up to the end of March 1945, there had been a total of 314 air raids on Berlin, eighty-five of these in the last twelve months. Estimates of the total number of dead in Berlin from air raids range from 20,000 to 50,000; the relatively low casualty figure in Berlin is partly the result of the city’s formidable air defences and shelters.The Battle of Berlin was not a defeat in absolute terms, but in the operational sense it was an offensive that Air Marshal Sir Arthur Harris and his aircrews could not win. ‘Berlin won’ concluded Sir Ralph Cochrane, the Air Officer Commanding 5 Group RAF Bomber Command. ‘It was just too tough a nut.’

Following on from Medieval Military Medicine, from the Vikings to the High Middle Ages, this volume explores the diseases and wounds, both physical and psychological, suffered by soldiers during the subsequent 250 years, alongside the treatments administered by those who looked after them.Drawing once again on diverse contemporary sources, including numerous firsthand accounts, Medieval Military Medicine: From the Late Middle Ages to the Early Sixteenth Century begins by exploring the medical landscape of the period and its close ties to warfare. It highlights the many discoveries and rediscoveries that emerged in response to the continual improvements and innovations in weaponry. Certainly, the most notable technological advancement in European warfare at this time was associated with the introduction and development of gunpowder weapons, which enabled armies to cause much greater harm to one another and led to the development of several new treatments. Further chapters examine the broken bones, as well as the disfigurements and disabilities endured by warriors of this era. One of the most catastrophic disasters in human history, the bubonic plague, struck during the middle of the fourteenth century and continued to resurface in deadly encores every few years afterwards. It undoubtedly left its mark on Europe’s armies, as did the outbreak of a virulent strain of syphilis that began at the end of the fifteenth century, both of which are explored here. The book’s final chapter examines the psychological consequences of war, considering its impact on soldiers as well as on the broader civilian population of Europe during these two-and-a-half centuries.

Scott White’s journey began in Edinburgh, Scotland, where at the age of 25 he stepped into the unforgiving world of private security. He trained alongside former special forces instructors, learning the intricacies of Close Protection from weapons handling, specialist driving, tactics, and how to keep calm in chaos. For six years, working in Europe and the UK, he lived in the shadows of high-threat assignments, protecting VIPs in a game where hesitation could be fatal.But the biggest leap came at 31, when Scott became a Private Military Contractor and deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan – two of the most dangerous places on earth at the height of their wars. For seven long years, he moved through blown-out cities and scorched desert roads, escorting high-value targets under fire, running convoys through kill zones, and staring down death more times than he can remember. The days bled into nights filled with bombings, ambushes, gunfights and the constant hum of dread. And yet, in that madness, something beautiful grew – the brotherhood. The deep, unspoken bond between men who would die for each other without hesitation.While some of those men became brothers for life, others didn’t make it home, and far too many made it back in body, but never in mind. Some took their own lives. Others drifted into the slow suicide of addiction, and Scott was no different. Flashbacks. Guilt. The crushing silence no one back home could break. He lost his marriage, his family, his home. And in the darkness of it all, he lost himself. But somewhere, something began to shift. Slowly, painfully, he began to piece himself back together.This is a personal story of the journey of survival, of both brutal combat zones and the PTSD that followed. It is about what the war takes from you, and the silent, defiant choice to keep going.

WW2 Codebreaking People and Places is the first volume of a series on a glossary of codebreaking, ‘People and Places’, brings to the reader an easily understandable account and listing, of those involved in collecting and analysing military intelligence, principally during the second world war. Whilst some will be well known, such as Alan Turing, many others have made significant contributions to codebreaking but fail to attract the attention of the media for the most part. From an individual named ‘Wren’ who worked at a codebreaking outstation supporting Bletchley Park, to a mathematician who modified a codebreaking machine just prior to D-Day, to a ladies foundationwear factory in Hertfordshire that helped make machine components, these people and places now can be appreciated as to where they fitted-in within the overall picture of gathering, and processing enemy intelligence in wartime.The entries are cross-referenced to enable the reader to research as much or as little as they want, to dip-in to the glossary, to use it as a basis for further study, or just to learn a little more about the people that helped us win the war with our allied friends. .

Prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the US Navy had been in action, but only in the course of carrying out defensive duties such as escorting convoys across the Atlantic. Pearl Harbor changed that completely, launching the full might of the United States into the now global conflict.In the years that followed, the US Navy incurred significant losses in every theatre in which it participated. Some of the losses were the direct result of combat, others of accidents and incidents. Richly illustrated and carefully researched, this book provides a unique record charting every loss incurred by the US Navy during the course of the Second World War.

"The greatest glory for a woman is not to be spoken of at all, either for good or ill," declared Pericles. For centuries, this sentiment echoed through the corridors of history, shaping a narrative that often confined women to silence, invisibility and the margins of power. But history is far richer and more complex than we’ve been led to believe.This book reveals the lives of remarkable, trailblazing medieval women who refused to be written out of history. In a world dominated by men, they defied convention, challenged gender expectations, and carved out legacies as rulers, consorts, warriors, authors, and visionaries. From Anglo-Saxon female rulership to the political intrigue of the Wars of the Roses, these women stepped beyond the roles assigned to them and transformed the world around them, as well as the course of history.Through meticulous research, this book brings their voices to the fore, revealing the impact they had not only in their own time but on the generations that followed. These are not just tales of exception, but of courage, intellect, and influence—testaments to the fact that women have always shaped history.Their names deserve to be remembered. Their stories deserve to be told.

The Real Al Pacino: His Defining Roles offers an unprecedented journey through the career of one of cinema''s greatest actors, from his humble beginnings in the South Bronx to becoming a Hollywood legend. Author Tom Brogan delivers an intimate portrait that goes far beyond Pacino''s most famous roles, exploring the defining performances that shaped both his career and American culture.This isn''t just another celebrity biography—it''s a masterclass in understanding how an actor transforms from struggling theatre performer to iconic movie star. The book traces Pacino''s evolution through breakthrough stage performances like The Indian Wants the Bronx and Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?, his career-defining film roles in The Godfather, Serpico, Dog Day Afternoon, and Scarface, right through to his later television triumphs in Angels in America and You Don''t Know Jack.What sets this book apart is its focus on the craft of acting itself. Brogan reveals how Pacino''s collaborations with legendary figures like Lee Strasberg, Sidney Lumet, Francis Ford Coppola, and David Mamet shaped his approach to character development. The book explores his notorious preparation methods, his struggles with fame, and his unwavering commitment to the stage despite Hollywood success.With insights into behind-the-scenes moments, production challenges, and Pacino''s relationships with co-stars like Robert De Niro, John Cazale, and Meryl Streep, this comprehensive biography captures the essence of an actor who never stopped searching for truth in his performances. For film enthusiasts, theatre lovers, and anyone fascinated by the art of acting, this is the definitive account of Al Pacino''s extraordinary journey.

From noble intrigues at the restless royal court to the rough justice of parish life, A History of Criminal Tudor England explores how law, transgression, and faith shaped a society perched between medieval order and modern ambition. In a world ruled by the rhythm of the church and the uncertainty of the seasons, theft, murder, and misfortune exposed both the desperation and the ingenuity of England’s people.Drawing on centuries of legal records and the vivid stories buried in the plea rolls and assize courts, this book uncovers a world of accidents and murders, faith and cunning. Here are joiners who built secret priest holes, vagrants who defied their parishes, and killers who escaped the noose by reciting a single verse of scripture.Through these tales of fear, faith, and fragile justice, we see Tudor England not as a distant past, but as a living, breathing society which was restless, devout, and dangerously human.

The naked and frozen body of Norah Fornario (33) was discovered lying on a roughly hewn cross on the ground, far from her London home, in the wilds of the remote Hebridean island of Iona in November 1929. The doctor declared she had simply died of exposure, officially, no regard was paid to the strange circumstances under which she had been found, no post-mortem was carried out, no inquest was ordered and there was no major police investigation.Award-winning historian Neil Storey investigates the case and throws new light on the life and mysterious death of Norah Fornario in a gripping story akin to the plot of an Agatha Christie murder mystery novel blended with one of the darkest stories of the occult by Dennis Wheatley. A story that involves the notorious occultist Aleister Crowley, ''The Wickedest Man in the World,'' elite secret societies in London, an ''occult college'' in the Home Counties, mystical Glastonbury, vampires, demons, fairy folk, and curses set against the backdrop of the roaring 1920s. A story that culminates on a remote Scottish island where folklore and superstition were still believed and feared, and an apparent case of murder by black magic … or was it?

Last Resting Place looks at the loss of each of the ten capital ships of the Royal Navy that were sunk during the Second World War. The stories of some of the sinkings are well known and have become deemed simply part of the fortunes of war. Naval war involves battles, and in sea battles, sooner or later, protagonists are sunk.But for some of the capital ship losses the stories of how disaster struck are not quite as straightforward. The sinking of HMS Hood, for instance, has led to questioning the verdict of the official enquiry over many years, even up to the present day. It was concluded at the time that Hood was lost to a lucky hit from Bismarck that drove through the ship and caused a magazine at the stern to catch fire. The inquiry did go through various possibilities in detail but this was the best fit of three alternatives considered and has been left to stand. Yet Hood’s record of numerous dockings for repairs before her last sortie – some of which were heavy – was never even brought up, a surprising omission and the more so since close to the outbreak of war the First Sea Lord had commented: ‘she [Hood] needs a complete and total change of machinery as hers is twenty years old,’ and ‘the likelihood of her being able to steam at speed for any distance must be considered remote.’ Why was mechanical breakdown overlooked? The author’s detective work has brought to light some radical new conclusions.Some other ships such as Ark Royal and Hermes had their wrecks located on the seabed miles away from the official recorded position of their sinking and the loss of Royal Oak in Scapa Flow was an avoidable debacle. Even more contentious was the loss of Glorious, sent to Norway to recover some hopelessly antiquated Gloster Gladiator aircraft and lost on her return when she ran into the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau. The results of the inquiry into her sinking were later locked away for 100 years, a decision that has led to much speculation about the actual purpose of her mission and what is it about it that is being hidden from public view.In ten chapters the author dissects what happened to these fine ships, how their losses came about and where their wrecks are located; and he looks in detail at theories, causes and conclusions surrounding the sinkings. It is a fascinating compilation for anyone interested in the history of the Royal Navy’s great capital ships and sheds genuine new light on the calamitous destruction of nearly half of them during the War.

When Hitler came to power in 1933 he promised the German people a technocratic state where science, technology and education would grow and flourish. Unfortunately, any attempts to achieve such a goal were dependent on his educational background which was fundamentally flawed and severely distorted.Hitler’s schooling was a troubled time where he struggled with many subjects. In particular he found conflicting views between science and religion so difficult to understand it caused him to “run his head against the wall”. He was also heavily educated in subjects like myths, magic, pseudo-sciences and the occult which would become his versions of alternative science and alternative facts. These alternatives remained with him into adulthood where, as Fuhrer, his mentality and mindset towards science was highlighted when he announced: "A new age of magic interpretation of the world is coming, of interpretation in terms of the will and not the intelligence."Hitler’s ideology and rise to power also came at an interesting time for physics which was hinting at that will not intelligence interpretation. The early decades of the twentieth century had seen a revolution in two apparently connected key areas of the subject known as quantum mechanics and relativity; these would have a dramatic influence on Hitler and the physics of the Third Reich. During the 1920s quantum mechanics was suggesting that just by observing an experiment a scientist could alter the outcome and reality. However, at the same time Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity was also developing and whereas the two areas were believed to be linked, to the Nazis there was a serious problem. Whereas German physicist Max Planck’s quantum physics was a non-Jewish science hinting at that promised magical underlying foundation to physics and reality, Einstein was Jewish and so was his theory. Moreover, relativity was difficult to understand and accept, especially amongst certain right-wing experimental physicists. Therefore, relativity was easy to reject with the magical quantum world eagerly accepted by the Nazis.However, with Hitler’s ability to understand science clearly strained and steadfast from childhood together with his seething anti-Semitism, this decision set the Nazis on a research road very different from the Allies. As the decade progressed so did the ridicules towards Jewish science through Einstein and his theory. This set in motion extreme anti-Semitic attacks on him by those extreme right-wing experimental physicists many of whom would later find key roles in Hitler’s government. As such, the theoretical physics dominated by Jewish scientists was rejected en mass with key Jewish scientists dismissed from their academic posts. Instead, the Third Reich favoured experimental, or applied, physics which shaped much of Hitler’s war machine with the so-called magical interpretation of quantum mechanics and its apparent will over intelligence providing the basis for unconventional pseudo-scientific research, research like free energy, anti-gravity and hidden occultist physics through ancient texts.Through Hitler’s key reforms in science and education and Heinrich Himmler’s SS, science became politicised with an added danger that certain areas were replaced with Nazi alternatives like pseudo-science, magic and the occult. The result was certain areas of true sciences became pseudo-sciences while the Third Reich’s pseudo-sciences became the true sciences. Disciplines then became Aryan physics, Aryan chemistry, Aryan biology, Aryan mathematics, and so on, with all expected to prove their place within National Socialism or perish. From there science experienced an era of division and decline with loss of freedom and diversity, misapplication of innovation and the inevitable decline in some areas of the natural sciences, especially physics and mathematics.By the war’s end Himmler’s SS had taken control of much of Nazi Germany’s scientific research and with the unthinkable d

Outlander has brought the story of the 1745 Jacobite uprising to the popular imagination, but who were the Jacobites, really? Explore this pivotal moment in Scottish history, visiting some of the key locations from Jamie and Claire’s travels. Discover what clan life was really like, read about medicine in the 1700s and find out whether the red coats were really as bad as Jack Randall. Meet Bonnie Prince Charlie and explore how he managed to inspire an uprising from France and then storm England with a force of no more than 5,000 soldiers. Witness the battle of Culloden and what really happened there, before exploring the aftermath of this final attempt for a Stuart restoration.

This second volume on the LNER 4-4-0 locomotives describes the design, construction, history, operation and performance of the North Eastern, North British, Great North of Scotland and Gresley LNER built examples, classified by the LNER at the Grouping as classes, D17 - D24, D25 - D36, D38 - D48 and D49 respectively. It covers from their emergence in the late nineteenth century to their demise in the mid or late 1950s and early 1960s with their performance at their peak operation times, mainly in the inter-war years of LNER ownership.

In the months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, a report from Nationalist China described a mysterious "super fighter plane" used by Japanese forces, said to be faster and more maneuverable than anything in America’s arsenal. U.S. intelligence dismissed it as exaggeration, underestimating Japan’s capabilities. The plane was later identified as the Mitsubishi A6M "Zero," which dominated the Pacific skies after Pearl Harbor.Lieutenant Commander John S. "Jimmie" Thach of the U.S. Navy recognized the threat posed by the Zero and devised a tactic to counter it. With the Japanese preparing to attack Midway Atoll, Thach trained his pilots in the "Thach Weave," a revolutionary formation designed to offset the Zero’s superior performance. This tactic proved highly effective in air combat and allowed Thach’s squadron to neutralize the Japanese advantage.The battle at Midway became a turning point in the Pacific War. The U.S. Navy’s victory, aided by Thach’s tactical innovation, crippled Japan’s offensive capabilities. After Midway, the Japanese would never win another major battle, while the Americans would never lose one, marking a decisive shift in the war’s outcome.

Dr Adrian Greaves’ is widely acknowledged as a leading expert on the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 and his previous account of Rorke’s Drift has become a standard work on that battle. However, by his own admission, it is hopelessly out of date as are other existing accounts. Rorke’s Drift Revisited is not merely a revised edition of that earlier work but a completely new account with much new research that challenges many misconceptions and myths.Explaining how previous accounts have been distorted by false reporting, false memory syndrome, ignorance of the site and archaeological evidence, the author presents fascinating fresh evidence and analysis. Among the more sensational revelations is that Lieutenant John Chard did not write the famous Chard Report, which has been the main primary source for the battle. He also shows that neither Lieutenant Ardendorff nor the missionary Reverend Otto Witt was there. Nor were the famous mealie-bag-and-biscuit-box barricades hastily erected, as per the film; they were carefully planned and built over several preceding days. Drawing on previously neglected eyewitness accounts as well as the latest archaeological evidence, there is a wealth of other new information and fresh perspectives. The shift in perceptions of the battle and its hold on the national psyche is also discussed. Uniquely, over a quarter of a century of physically revisiting Rorke’s Drift and associated sites as a tour leader allows him to give an accurate appraisal of the battlefield today.

This is the history of Britain’s armaments industry during the Second World War. It begins with the rearmament before the war and shows how a shadow industry was prepared, in response to German aggression. See how industry was organised and programmed, before learning how armaments were researched, designed and developed. The narrative then looks at how enlistment was controlled, how skilled workers were deployed and how manufacturing was diluted, to allow tens of thousands of unemployed men and women to play their part. The story continues with an explanation of the importance of the coal and oil industries, followed by the development of the metal industries. It then looks at the huge amounts of imports and merchant shipping required, as well as the American Lend Lease programme. See how factories equipped the Royal Air Force, so it could fight the Battle of Britain, and reequipped the British Army following the disaster at Dunkirk. Also learn how the shipyards worked around the clock on warships and merchant ships, so the Royal Navy could defend the nation and protect the supply convoys. See how the lessons learnt on the battlefield helped modify early factory designs into practical ones. Learn how the war changed relations between the government, the employers, the unions, and the workforce. See how issues could cause widespread industrial unrest, as the cost of living rose and the rules became stricter. Also learn how the desire to improve production improved health and safety at work, welfare arrangements and developed management and human resources. We also see how the Luftwaffe attempt to cripple British industry with its aerial Blitz. The story ends with a nation being pushed to its limits for a second time in thirty years, before suddenly demobilising, again leaving the British people wondering what the future would hold for them.