Jeremy Black

The invasion of Ukraine in 2022 began a new episode in history and was surrounded by a miscellany of historical claims. This book is a succinct, up-to-date guide to the histories on offer about and from Russia, one that seeks to make sense of present issues and future prospects as well as of the past. There is a heavy emphasis on war and international relations, but that is appropriate not only for the past but also from a present in which both are to the fore.Peter the Great (r. 1689-1725), an eager modernizer, was viewed as an un-Russian evil phenomenon in light of his denial of the divine identity of traditional Russian monarchy, his blasphemy, his theft of time from God when he changed the calendar, and his sacrilegious violation of the image of God in man when he forced men to cut off their beards. Vladimir Putin cuts off no beards, he is no moderniser; the fall of the Berlin Wall left him with an abiding mistrust of democracy and ''People''s Power''. At Davos in 2000, American journalist Trudy Rubin asked a panel of top Russian officials: ''Who is Mr Putin?'' None of them could answer, except to say: ''He is the president of Russia.'' How did this foreign intelligence officer of the KGB become Trump''s favourite running dog of capitalism? To answer the question, we have to understand what Russia was. There is a continuity that will give us a clue about what it is and will become.

Britain’s key importance in world history was a product of its constitution and its empire, but both, in turn, were sustained and supported by Britain’s role in achieving the first Industrial Revolution. In part this was a matter of coal and steam but far more was involved. Alongside the ‘push’ factors of entrepreneurs and resources came the ‘pull’ factors of consumerism, fashion and an ability to purchase goods. There was also the context of parliamentary government, the rule of law, a society open to talent, and no internal tariff boundaries.The combination of these factors produced vital synergies. They also ensure that the history of the Industrial Revolution is the history of a country, a people, and of the factors that made them exceptional.

There were 20,000 miles of railways in 1865 and about a million by 2020. Scale has always been a key theme in railway history. In the First World War, the London and North West Railway transported 325,000 miles of barbed wire and over twelve million pairs of army boots. At the end of the twentieth century, Indian Railways sold 4.5 billion tickets annually. With his renowned ability to take the long view of any subject and bring it into sharp focus for the reader, Jeremy Black examines how rail transformed the world. While always shaped by commercial interests, the role of the railway was (and is) strategic in the broadest sense: like Roman roads and Chinese canals, it helped develop the economic links that sustained and strengthened the major powers. For example, the railway was fundamental in integrating the frontiers of settlement with the world economy, in the spread of cultivation and ranching, and in the exploitation of mining opportunities. Rail expanded the ‘logistical space’ of most states.To give one modern example of the political importance of rail, Ukraine’s railway is on the 1.52 metre gauge, rather than the 1.435 metre one used in Poland and most of Europe. In 2022, Denys Shmyhal, Ukraine’s Prime Minister, declared that the railways there would be rebuilt to the European gauge. This enhanced capability would counter the Russian ability to blockade Ukraine’s Black Sea ports, notably Odessa. The plan was not endorsed by the Kremlin…

The role of monarchy in the development of the distinctive British political nation is a subject that has commanded much interest with reference to the nineteenth century, but recent consideration of the preceding period has not been so widespread. The monarchies of France, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, Poland, the Holy Roman Empire, and the house of Orange all faced serious crises between 1790 and 1810, and not all of them survived. In contrast, the British monarchy confronted a serious and unsuccessful imperial revolution in 1775-83 but avoided an existential challenge at home.The relationship between this and the role of the monarchy in the British political system requires examination. The bedding down of the Glorious Revolution settlement included the crucial defence against Jacobitism. From then on, a practice of limited government begins to emerge: regular parliaments, frequent elections, and the scrutiny of the press. Adaptations occurred due to the challenges of the American and French revolutions, and the meritocratic ‘monarchies’ of Washington and Napoleon. British monarchy became linked to a more potent imperial nationalism. Wellington, the vanquisher of Napoleon, was never more than a servant of the often-preposterous George IV. How can that be? Crucially, Jeremy Black, with his own inimitable way of extracting the principle from the detail, shows that what materialised was a system that worked.

‘The infantryman always bears the brunt’ according to Field-Marshal Wavell in 1945. The ‘Poor Bloody Infantry,’ ‘The Grunts on the Ground,’ the infantry have often been seen as the humble, indeed shunned, relations of others, from cavalry to tanks. This book is their story, one from the dawn of human conflict to the present day, a study that looks round the world to consider fighting, weaponry, recruitment, contexts and impact. Infantry as the shock of assault as well as firepower, as the force in state-to-state conflict and in civil warfare, in symmetrical and asymmetrical warfare, are considered, as are the different accounts of development that are offered. Central to the military and to combat, infantry has also served many non-combat roles, notably as the arm of government. Indeed, infantry can be crucial to political history and nation-building, from coups to iconic battles

A concise history of Paris and the great events and personalities, from prehistory to the present, that have shaped its unique cultural legacy. Once described as ‘that metropolis of dress and debauchery’ by the Scottish poet David Mallet, then as now Paris had a reputation for a peculiar joie de vivre, from style to sex, cookery to couture, captivating minds and imaginations across the Continent and beyond. In Paris: A Short History, Jeremy Black explores the unique cultural circumstances that made Paris the vibrant capital it is today. Black explores how Paris has been shaped through the centuries from the first century BCE, when the city was founded by the Parisii. From a small Gallic capital conquered by the Romans, Paris transformed into a flourishing medieval city full of spectacular palaces and cathedrals, including Sainte-Chapelle and Notre-Dame de Paris. During the illustrious reigns of Louis XIV and XV Paris became one of the most beautiful and cosmopolitan capitals in the world, before the Revolution tore French society apart, changing the city forever. The Belle Époque brought new ideas and architecture to the city, including the iconic Eiffel Tower, before the destruction of the First and Second World Wars launched a massive regeneration project. Black completes his history by exploring present-day Paris and its role as the seat of a leading power on the world stage. Black deftly demonstrates that the history of Paris is about more than a city: it is the history of a culture, a society and a state that has impacted the rest of the world through centuries of changing fortunes.

A global account of military strategy, which examines the practices, rather than the theories, of the most significant military figures of the past 400 years. Strategy has existed as long as there has been organised conflict. In this ground-breaking account, Jeremy Black explores the ever-changing relationship between purpose, force, implementation and effectiveness in military strategy and its dramatic impact on the development of the global power system. Taking a “total” view of strategy, Black looks at leading powers?notably the United States, China, Britain, and Russia?in the wider context of their competition and their domestic and international strengths. Ranging from France’s ancien régime and Britain’s empire building to present-day conflicts in the Middle East, Black devotes particular attention to the strategic practice and decisions of the Kangxi Emperor, Clausewitz, Napoleon, and Hitler.

An engaging, accessible introduction to war, from ancient times to the present and into the future "Forty short chapters . . . describe war from the ancient world to the present day. . . . A Short History of War offers an expansive and often evocative account of great causes that are never lost or won."-Crawford Gribben, Wall Street Journal Throughout history, warfare has transformed social, political, cultural, and religious aspects of our lives. We tell tales of wars-past, present, and future-to create and reinforce a common purpose. In this engaging overview, Jeremy Black examines war as a global phenomenon, looking at the First and Second World Wars as well as those ranging from Han China and Assyria, Imperial Rome, and Napoleonic France to Vietnam and Afghanistan. Black explores too the significance of warfare more broadly and the ways in which cultural understandings of conflict have lasting consequences in societies across the world. Weaponry, Black argues, has had a fundamental impact on modes of war: it created war in the air and transformed it at sea. Today, as twentieth-century weapons are challenged by drones and robotics, Black examines what the future of warfare looks like.

Kľúčové udalosti minulého storočia pútavo a prehľadne Táto bohato ilustrovaná kniha prináša ambiciózne a prehľadne podanú históriu sveta v dosiaľ najrýchlejšie sa meniacom storočí. Zachytáva udalosti, postavy, ideológie, kultúrne premeny aj dramatickú politickú scénu týchto turbulentných čias od dvoch svetových vojen cez traumy z dekolonizácie až po technologické triumfy vesmírnych pretekov. Popredný svetový historik Jeremy Black sa vo svojom podmanivom rozprávaní zaoberá rôznorodými témami, ako sú ruská revolúcia, veľká hospodárska kríza, studená vojna, globalizácia, klimatické zmeny či zrod internetu. Do svojho pútavého výkladu zahŕňa poznatky o životnom prostredí, demografii, kultúre a technológiách, rovnako ako známe politické spory, pričom prináša nový pohľad na tieto témy. Texty dopĺňajú prehľadné mapy, ilustrácie a fotografie, ktoré dokresľujú kľúčové udalosti minulého storočia. Z anglického originálu preložila Barbora Andrezálová.

Knihu Dějiny Francie – Od Galů k de Gaullovi napsal diplomat a autor historických prací, pro nějž se Francie stala druhou vlastí. Norwich jako syn britského velvyslance ve Francii hluboce srostl s francouzskou kulturou a k jejím dějinám má osobní, ba možno říci citový vztah. Jeho kniha sleduje především politické dějiny Francie. Dozvídáme se, jak významní panovníci a vládci od franských králů přes Hugo Kapeta, Filipa Augusta, Františka I., Jindřicha IV., Napoleona I. až po Napoleona III. poznamenali osudy své země. Norwiche zajímá i jejich soukromý život; věnuje pozornost jejich manželkám a milenkám, charakteristickým vlastnostem, přednostem a slabostem, které podává s citem a porozuměním. Prostor dostávají i další významné osobnosti jako jsou bankéř Karla VII. Jacques Coeur, kardinál Richelieu, Robespierre, sestra krále Ludvíka Filipa Adelaida a významní státníci a vojáci republiky včetně de Gaulla. Autor komentuje významné bitvy, revoluce i pařížskou Komunu z roku 1871, na níž demonstruje specificky destruktivní mentalitu obyvatel francouzského hlavního města. Čtenář si díky této knize britského autora uvědomí zcela unikátní vztah Francie a Anglie, resp. Británie; neexistují patrně jiné dva evropské národy, jejichž historie by byla po mnoho staletí tak těsně propletena.

A concise history of France from prehistory to the present, recounting the great events and personalities and exploring France's cultural and political influence today. Artists, martyrs, kings, revolutionaries: France's sense of national identity is inextricably linked to its dramatic history, which fascinates the world and attracts millions each year to visit its chateaux and cathedrals, boulevards and vineyards. Ancient roots allied to a social, political and military history that has witnessed revolution, conflict and occupation mean that France holds a unique position in the modern world. In this short, easy-to-digest history of a vast subject, Jeremy Black succinctly narrates how France's past has created its distinct character. Country and destination, nation and idea, France has an incomparable cultural legacy, and exerts a powerful artistic, intellectual and political influence across the globe. Black's vivid take on history emphasizes the unexpected nature of events and unpredictable outcomes on a fragmented country, from the prehistoric cave paintings of Lascaux to the origins of Gothic architecture, from Monet and Degas to the Lumiere brothers, and from the cataclysm of the 1789 Revolution through the countercultural student protests of 1968 to today's gilets jaunes. Black's concise, insightful tour of the key historical moments and vibrant personalities that shaped France provides an indispensable guide to understanding the country today.

A distinguished team of 26 military historians reveal the decisive conflicts that have shaped world history from the 5th century BC to the 21st century. The course of history rarely changes so swiftly and decisively as on the battlefield. In this masterly overview, an international team of historians reconstructs and analyzes seventy key clashes from 490 BC to the 21st century and appraises their impact on the world order. Their studies encompass not only the great land battles, but sieges such as Constantinople and Tenochtitlan; naval battles at Trafalgar and Tsushima; and aerial struggles including the Battle of Britain. Truly global in scope, the collection marches from the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, where the German tribes annihilated a Roman army, to Hakata Bay in 1281, where the Japanese defeated the Mongols, to the heart of the American Civil War at Gettysburg in 1863 and beyond. Together they show how technology and tactics advance in tandem, as battlefield commanders respond to advances in mobility, communications and firepower, how certain principles endure, and how victory in battle may not win the war. Illustrated with over 80 specially commissioned battle plans, this is an essential introduction to the great battles in history.

Stručné středomořské dějiny se zaměřují na historii jihoevropských zemí, pozornost ale věnují i Balkánu, Turecku, Sýrii, Libanonu a Izraeli (starověké Levantě) a arabským zemím v severní Africe. Výklad počíná antickým starověkem a je doveden až do posledních let. V souladu s autorovým zaměřením (dnešní profesor historie působil také jako průvodce turistů) má text charakter bedekru s širším prostorem pro informace historického rázu, upozorňujícího na důležité památky a kulturní zajímavosti. V knize najdete několik desítek rámečků zabývajících se vybranými dílčími tématy jako je Caesarovo dobytí Marseille, nové archeologické objevy v Soluni, normanské výboje v jižní Itálii, renesanční Benátky, neúspěšný pokus Španělů dobýt koncem 18. století pevnost Alžír, osudy Kréty v 19. století, úloha letectva při tzv. suezské krizi v roce 1956 atd. Zvláštní kapitola je věnována přítomnosti Středomoří v hrách Williama Shakespeara.

Kniha Historie 20. století jednoho z předních světových historiků Jeremyho Blacka přináší ambiciózní a současně přehledné a bohatě ilustrované dějiny světa ve 20. století. Zachycuje události, postavy, ideologie, kulturní proměny a dramatickou politiku této bouřlivé doby, od světových válek přes traumata dekolonizace až po technologické triumfy vesmírných závodů. Historik ve svém poutavém vyprávění zkoumá natolik různorodá témata, jako je ruská bolševická revoluce, Velká hospodářská krize, studená válka, globalizace, klimatické změny a zrod internetu. S oblibou do výkladu zahrnuje poznatky z oblasti demografie, životního prostředí, kultury a technologií, stejně jako známé politické sváry, a přináší tak nový pohled na toto nejdůležitější téma. V knize najdete pozoruhodné mapy, ilustrace i fotografie, které s mimořádnou přehledností přibližují klíčové události 20. století.

Stručné ruské dějiny od Marka Galeottiho se soustřeďují na stěžejní události a postavy, které zformovaly tvář Ruska a které se dodnes promítají do komplikovaných vztahů této země se Západem. Jde především o varjažské (vikingské) počátky ruských dějin, poté o více než dvousetletou nadvládu Mongolů (Tatarů) a z pozdějších panovníků zvláště o Ivana IV. Hrozného, Petra I., Kateřinu II. a Mikuláše I. Kniha sleduje především politickou historii, přičemž za její charakteristický rys považuje neustálé potíže Rusů s vlastní identitou, oscilující mezi přesvědčením o vlastní výjimečnosti a inklinací k Západu. Ruskou výjimečnost prosazuje také současný ruský prezident Putin, kterého autor považuje za přechodný typ mezi érou sovětskou a skutečně postsovětskou, tedy liberální. Ale zatímco Putin posiluje nacionalistickou verzi ruských dějin a v zahraniční politice vsadil na konfrontaci se Západem, běžní Rusové sdílejí podobné tužby jako lidé na Západě – v tomto smyslu je nynější Rusko Západu blíž než kdykoli předtím.

Stručné španělské dějiny přinášejí průřez historií této jihoevropské země od prehistorických prvopočátků až po současnost. Text doplňují desítky rámečků věnovaných vybraným tématům, jako např. španělské kuchyni, křesťanskému válečníkovi Cidovi či malíři Goyovi, vzniku moderní Barcelony, účasti George Orwella ve španělské občanské válce, španělskému surrealismu, katalánské autonomii atd. Kniha je vhodná jako rozšířený průvodce pro návštěvníky Španělska, neboť upozorňuje na důležité historické památky, kulturní, umělecké, kulinářské a sportovní veličiny a zajímavosti.