Cass Sunstein

Kniha, kterou časopis The Economist prohlásil za jednu z knih roku 2009, se stala v USA bestsellerem. I když je lidský mozek jistě úžasná věc, byl stvořen jen k určitým účelům, například jak najít potravu a přitom se nenechat sežrat. Účely, k nimž stvořen nebyl, jsou například výběr dobrého penzijního spoření, omezení škodlivého znečištění, vyhýbání se tučné stravě, a plánování na dlouhou dobu dopředu. Každý den se musíme pro něco rozhodnout, děláme stovky voleb, a dost často se, bohužel, rozhodneme špatně. Tyto omyly škodí našim peněženkám, našemu zdraví i naší planetě. Autoři této knihy nám ukazují, že když poznáme způsob, jak lidé myslí, můžeme navrhnout prostředí, v němž pro ně bude jednodušší vybrat si tu nejlepší alternativu pro sebe, své prostředí a společnost. S použitím barvitých příkladů z různých důležitých stránek lidského života nám Thaler a Sunstein dokládají, že promyšleně postavená "architektura výběru" nás může postrčit, šťouchnout směrem k výraznému zlepšení našich rozhodnutí, aniž by porušovala naše právo volby. Ekonom z Chicagské univerzity Richard Thaler a právník Cass Sunstein v této knize slibují recepty, "jak zlepšit rozhodování ohledně zdraví, bohatství a štěstí". V loňském roce z knihy byl na Západě trhák a prezident Obama jmenoval Sunsteina šéfem svého úřadu pro regulace. O autorech: Richard H. Thaler se zabývá chováním v oblasti ekonomie a financí a psychologií rozhodování. Pochází z New Jersey. Studoval na Case Western Reserve University, kde získal bakalářský titul. Ve studiu pokračoval na univerzitě v Rochesteru, kde získal magisterský titul a doktorát. Je ředitelem Centra pro výzkum rozhodování. Píše články do mnoha významných ekonomických a finančních časopisů. Napsal tři knihy. Učil na několika vysokých školách, v současnosti pracuje na univerzitě v Chicagu. Cass R. Sunstein se zabývá právem, a to zejména ústavním, správním a environmentálním, a také právem a chováním v ekonomice. V současné době je šéfem amerického Úřadu pro záležitosti informací a regulace (OIRA). Sunstein studoval práva na Harvardu, pak pracoval jako úředník nejvyššího soudu a poradce na ministerstvu spravedlnosti. Do roku 2008 byl profesorem na univerzitě v Chicagu. Napsal mnoho článků i řadu knih, které pojednávají např. o shromažďování informací, o ohrožení demokracie Internetem, nebo o Franklinově Druhé listině práv.

A kötet úttörő ötleteket ad a döntéstervezés új tudományának alkalmazására, amelyek jobb döntések irányába ösztökélhetik az embereket, akik ezáltal boldogabbak, egészségesebbek és szabadabbak lesznek. Nap mint nap hozunk döntéseket, befektetéseinktől a gyerekek iskoláztatásán vagy a napi étrendünkön át egészen az általunk legfontosabbnak tartott ügyekig. Sajnos sokszor rosszul választunk. A szerzők ennek okát abban látják, hogy emberek vagyunk, fogékonyak különböző torzításokra, és ez gyakran hi bákhoz vezet. Tévedéseink révén sokszor szegényebbek leszünk vagy kevésbé egészségesek; gyakran hozunk rossz döntést oktatási és egészségügyi kérdésekben, pénzügyeinkkel, hiteleinkkel vagy hitelkártyáinkkal kapcsolatban, de még a családunkat vagy bol ygónkat érintő ügyekben is. Thaler és Sunstein egy másik lehetséges világba hív minket: oda, ahol tudják, hogy az emberek tévedhetnek. A szerzőpáros megmutatja, hogy ha ismerjük az emberek gondolkodását, akkor tervezhetünk számukra olyan környezetet, amelyben maguk, családjuk és társadalmuk számára is jobb döntéseket hozhatnak. Az élet legfontosabb területeiről vett szemléletes példákkal bizonyítják, hogy a választástervezés kedvezőbb irányba ösztökélhet bennünket, anélkül, hogy korlátozná válas ztásunk szabadságát. A "Nudge" újszerű -se nem jobb, se nem baloldali- nézőpontot ajánl heves vitát kiváltó kérdésekről, egyének és kormányzatok számára egyaránt. A kötet az elmúlt évek egyik legelgondolkodtatóbb és legprovokatívabb könyve.

As Benjamin Franklin famously put it, Americans have a republic, if we can keep it. Preserving the Constitution and the democratic system it supports is the public's responsibility. One route the Constitution provides for discharging that duty-a route rarely traveled-is impeachment. Cass R. Sunstein provides a succinct citizens' guide to an essential tool of self-government. He illuminates the constitutional design behind impeachment and emphasizes the people's role in holding presidents accountable. Despite intense interest in the subject, impeachment is widely misunderstood. Sunstein identifies and corrects a number of misconceptions. For example, he shows that the Constitution, not the House of Representatives, establishes grounds for impeachment, and that the president can be impeached for abuses of power that do not violate the law. Even neglect of duty counts among the "high crimes and misdemeanors" delineated in the republic's foundational document. Sunstein describes how impeachment helps make sense of our constitutional order, particularly the framers' controversial decision to install an empowered executive in a nation deeply fearful of kings. With an eye toward the past and the future, Impeachment: A Citizen's Guide considers a host of actual and imaginable arguments for a president's removal, explaining why some cases are easy and others hard, why some arguments for impeachment have been judicious and others not. In direct and approachable terms, it dispels the fog surrounding impeachment so that Americans of all political convictions may use their ultimate civic authority wisely.

Imagine that two doctors in the same city give different diagnoses to identical patients - or that two judges in the same court give different sentences to people who have committed matching crimes. Now imagine that the same doctor and the same judge make different decisions depending on whether it is morning or afternoon, or Monday rather than Wednesday, or they haven't yet had lunch. These are examples of noise: variability in judgments that should be identical. In Noise, Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony and Cass R. Sunstein show how noise produces errors in many fields, including in medicine, law, public health, economic forecasting, forensic science, child protection, creative strategy, performance review and hiring. And although noise can be found wherever people are making judgments and decisions, individuals and organizations alike commonly ignore its impact, at great cost. Packed with new ideas, and drawing on the same kind of sharp analysis and breadth of case study that made Thinking, Fast and Slow and Nudge international bestsellers, Noise explains how and why humans are so susceptible to noise and bias in decision-making. We all make bad judgments more than we think. With a few simple remedies, this groundbreaking book explores what we can do to make better ones.

This sharp and engaging book by leading governmental scholar Cass R. Sunstein examines dramatically shifting understandings of what's normal-and how those shifts account for the feminist movement, the civil rights movement, the rise of Adolf Hitler, the founding itself, political correctness, the rise of gun rights, the response to COVID-19, and changing understandings of liberty. Prevailing norms include the principle of equal dignity, the idea of not treating the press as an enemy of the people, and the social unacceptability of open expressions of racial discrimination. But norms can turn upside-down in a hurry. What people tolerate, and what they abhor, depends on what else they are seeing. Exploring Nazism, #MeToo, the work of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, constitutional amendments, pandemics, and the influence of Ayn Rand, Sunstein reveals how norms change, and ultimately determine the shape of society and government in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere.

From Cass R. Sunstein and Richard H. Thaler, winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, Nudge is one of the most influential books of the 21st century *Fully revised and updated from cover to cover* Since the original publication of Nudge more than a decade ago, the word has entered the vocabulary of businesspeople, policy makers, engaged citizens and consumers everywhere. The book has given rise to hundreds of "nudge units" in governments around the world and countless groups of behavioural scientists in every part of the economy. It has taught us how to use thoughtful choice architecture to help us make better decisions for ourselves, our families, and our society. Now, Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein have updated the book, making use of their experiences in and out of government over the past dozen years as well as an explosion of new research. This final edition offers a wealth of new insights, for both its avowed fans and newcomers, about a wide range of issues that we face in our daily lives -- health, personal finance, climate change, and "sludge" (paperwork and other nuisances we don't want, and that keep us from getting what we do want) -- all while honouring one of the cardinal rules of nudging: make it fun!

How information can make us happy or miserable, and why we sometimes avoid it and sometimes seek it out. How much information is too much? Do we need to know how many calories are in the giant vat of popcorn that we bought on our way into the movie theater? Do we want to know if we are genetically predisposed to a certain disease? Can we do anything useful with next week's weather forecast for Paris if we are not in Paris? In Too Much Information, Cass Sunstein examines the effects of information on our lives. Policymakers emphasize "the right to know," but Sunstein takes a different perspective, arguing that the focus should be on human well-being and what information contributes to it. Government should require companies, employers, hospitals, and others to disclose information not because of a general "right to know" but when the information in question would significantly improve people's lives. Sunstein argues that the information on warnings and mandatory labels is often confusing or irrelevant, yielding no benefit. He finds that people avoid information if they think it will make them sad (and seek information they think will make them happy). Our information avoidance and information seeking is notably heterogeneous--some of us do want to know the popcorn calorie count, others do not. Of course, says Sunstein, we are better off with stop signs, warnings on prescriptions drugs, and reminders about payment due dates. But sometimes less is more. What we need is more clarity about what information is actually doing or achieving.

Imagine that two doctors in the same city give different diagnoses to identical patients - or that two judges in the same court give different sentences to people who have committed matching crimes. Now imagine that the same doctor and the same judge make different decisions depending on whether it is morning or afternoon, or Monday rather than Wednesday, or they haven't yet had lunch. These are examples of noise: variability in judgments that should be identical. In Noise, Daniel Kahneman, Olivier Sibony and Cass R. Sunstein show how noise produces errors in many fields, including in medicine, law, public health, economic forecasting, forensic science, child protection, creative strategy, performance review and hiring. And although noise can be found wherever people are making judgments and decisions, individuals and organizations alike commonly ignore its impact, at great cost. Packed with new ideas, and drawing on the same kind of sharp analysis and breadth of case study that made Thinking, Fast and Slow and Nudge international bestsellers, Noise explains how and why humans are so susceptible to noise and bias in decision-making. We all make bad judgments more than we think. With a few simple remedies, this groundbreaking book explores what we can do to make better ones.