Najnovšie - Encyklopédie populárno-náučné - História strana 6 z 22

An original conceptual approach to the study of war, attempting to capture the entire phenomenon of military adaptation—whether strategic, institutional or in the field. The unravelling of the post-Cold War order has intensified geopolitical tensions, driving a global increase in defence spending. Most military organisations are engaged in a process of drastic transformation, trying to scale their activities, learn from contemporary battlefields, and improve readiness. Yet armed forces engaged in such reforms must solve a major dilemma: how to adapt to an uncertain future without losing their current identity, coherence or operational effectiveness. In this incisive and timely study, Olivier Schmitt explores how modern militaries adapt, or fail to adapt, to evolving threats, technologies and political constraints. Drawing on global case-studies--from the trenches of Ukraine to the halls of the People's Liberation Army leadership--he investigates how social expectations, political constraints and organisational cultures collide in the worldwide quest to reform the military. Essential reading for defence professionals, policymakers and scholars of international security, Preparing for War equips readers with the tools to grasp not only the 'how' but the 'why' behind military transformation. In an era of rising defence budgets and shrinking certainties, this book delivers crucial insights into the future of war--and the institutions that must be ready for it.

Offshore Oildom tells the riveting story of the United States' quest to secure the oil riches of the sea. Drawing on a wealth of untapped sources, Tyler Priest reveals how the offshore oil industry emerged from an ambitious project to incorporate the ocean's submerged lands into the territory of the United States. These lands were frontier spaces, beyond traditional jurisdiction and control. Efforts to commandeer them for oil and gas extraction thus required new institutions of governance. From the titanic struggle over the tidelands starting in the 1930s to Project Independence in the 1970s, the process of establishing an offshore dominion of oil provoked intractable conflicts over money, values, and power. It pitted coastal states against their land-locked counterparts and captains of industry against federal civil servants and coastal communities. It stoked partisan and internecine warfare. It set off an international race to annex offshore territory, complicating U.S. foreign-policy objectives. It weighed on the minds of Supreme Court justices and troubled every occupant of the White House from Franklin Roosevelt forward. The modern environmental movement was born in opposition to offshore oil just as the 1970s energy crisis compelled the acceleration of drilling in the ocean. Creating and governing an offshore oildom involved nothing less than redrawing the territorial borders of the nation, rebuilding the political foundations of the U.S. energy system, and testing the environmental limits of resource extraction. This history is essential to understanding the tension between energy security and environmental protection in modern America.

An engaging, beautifully illustrated history of London told through twenty-five lost buildingsLondon has been rebuilt and reshaped perhaps more than any other city over its two-millennia history. From the construction of the Underground to slum clearance and the Blitz, buildings have long been damaged or demolished to pave way for the new. Today, demolition is big business, and around 3500 buildings are destroyed each year, most of which are social housing. Paul Knox traces the history of London from the Great Fire to the present day through twenty-five lost buildings. Knox explores surprising and unusual locations in the city’s history, like the Necropolis Station in Waterloo used by funeral parties traveling to a burial ground in Surrey. We see historic landmarks, like Christ Church Greyfriars and the Crystal Palace, as well as everyday places like the White Horse pub in Poplar and a housing estate in Hackney. This is a fascinating study of London’s restless landscape, showing how conservation has changed over 400 years.

Diane J. Purvis's memoir offers a unique view from the Los Angeles County suburbs as she was coming of age during the era of civil rights activism, the women's movement, and Vietnam anti-war movement. More than Flower Power recalls the youthful energy that surged in the 1960s as political and cultural tensions rose to the surface. Her parents, Midwest transplants to California, sought the postwar American dream and went from pinching pennies to living in upper middle-class suburbs, which were imbued with rigid social and political codes. Purvis rejected this conservative bias while attending racially integrated schools and witnessing the dichotomy between suburban and inner-city students, motivating her to embrace social justice. Purvis and her peers were influenced by images of the Vietnam War and political protests they saw on television and the music they heard on their transistor radios, two emerging technologies that shaped popular perceptions during this tumultuous decade. Purvis was possessed by the desire to make a difference even though inroads to social and political equality looked impossible in the face of America's cultural consensus and conformism of the era. Through the lens of one person's experience, More than Flower Power offers an intimate portrait of a West Coast generation's optimism, idealism, and transformative influence on American culture and society.

To curb the influence of minority populations and "outside enemies," the Ottoman government implemented new and experimental Tanzimat reforms within the empire’s center and provincial regions. By the 1860s, the city of Rusçuk in present-day Bulgaria and capital of the Ottoman Danube province became a test case for this expansive reform movement within an urbanizing and contested peripheral landscape. In Empire and Nation in the City, Mehmet Çelik traces how the Danube province and Rusçuk, in particular, experienced a series of swift political transitions from a "modernized" Ottoman administration, to a Russian provisional government, and finally to a Bulgarian nation-state. Çelik examines the transformative effects of each political system, arguing that Bulgarian nationalism was not a uniform ideology, but a flexible and mutable one that engaged multiple loyalties—Bulgarian and Ottoman among them. To understand these competing loyalties, he explores the diverse religious and multiethnic makeup of Rusçuk and the multifaceted responses to imperial control, nationalist sympathies, and political movements. Rather than assess Ottoman rule and Bulgarian nationhood as separate periods, Çelik bridges these moments to understand the continuity of Ottoman reforms within a burgeoning Bulgarian nation.

A fascinating guide to early train disasters, illustrated through contemporary postcards and explained expertly by John Hannavy. The track record of Britain’s railways in the early 20th century was not a good one – in 1909, a report titled ‘General Report to the Board of Trade upon the Accidents that have occurred on the Railway of the United Kingdom during the year 1908’, was published, concluding that over 1,000 people had died on the railways during the year, and nearly 8,000 others had been injured. With the Edwardian era marking the heyday of the photographic postcard, many of the accidents which occurred were photographed in often-graphic detail and, in the days before photographs in newspapers became commonplace, postcards disseminated those news pictures rapidly across the world. John Hannavy is a writer, photographer and historian, with a lifelong fascination for both postcards and railway history.

Réaliser un habit néolithique complet est un défi ambitieux ; cet ouvrage en présente l’aboutissement. Il est issu de mon mémoire de master en archéologie préhistorique a l’Université de Geneve, soutenu en septembre 2025. A l’aide de sources archéologiques centrées sur le Campaniforme périalpin, ainsi que de sources historiques et ethnographiques, j’ai tenté de reproduire au mieux les pratiques textiles du passé, afin d’en proposer une vision plausible. Les motifs géométriques complexes présents sur les steles anthropomorphes du site du Petit-Chasseur (Valais, Suisse), ont servi de base visuelle pour la conception du vetement. Cette étude aborde des sujets tres variés, tels que : la place de l’artisanat textile au sein des sociétés préhistoriques, autant du point de vue des modes de production et de l’investissement de ressources que de la valeur sociale ; la diversité des possibilités techniques liées a la fabrication de textiles, immense et encore peu explorée ; l’importance de l’expérimentation archéologique au sein de la recherche, et son intéret autant scientifique que médiatique. Bien qu’ancré dans des bases scientifiques rigoureuses, ce travail est également tres personnel. Il raconte, étape par étape, le long processus d’apprentissage qui a mené a la production de cet habit, avec son lot d’échecs, d’incertitudes, et – enfin – de réussites.

The 2000-plus years of Scottish history have seen a huge variety of events, from great national moments to personal achievements, each one helping to make and mould the character of the nation. This compendium takes note of the milestones – historical as well as cultural, serious as well as entertaining – but also of the many steps between them. Carefully chosen and researched for their interest and variety, they make a fascinating record: 150 vignettes form a 'family album' of the Scottish people from the Romans in Scotland in the first century CE to climate change in the 2020s. And everything in between.

Taking you through the year day by day, The Portsmouth Book of Days contains a quirky, eccentric, amusing or important event or fact from different periods of history, many of which had a major impact on, or reflect, the social and political history of England as a whole. Ideal for dipping into, this addictive little book will keep you entertained and informed. Featuring hundreds of snippets of information gleaned from the vaults of Portsmouth’s archives, it will delight residents and visitors alike.

The Little Book of Lincolnshire is a compendium of fascinating information about this historic county, past and present. Contained within is a plethora of entertaining facts about Lincolnshire’s famous and occasionally infamous men and women, its towns and countryside, history, natural history, literary, artistic and sporting achievements, customs ancient and modern, transport, battles and ghostly inhabitants. A reliable reference book and quirky guide, this can be dipped in to time and time again to reveal something new about the people, the heritage, the secrets and the enduring fascination of the county. A remarkably engaging little book, this is essential reading for visitors and locals alike.

From the award-winning author of The Lost Pianos of Siberia comes a new journey, following four 19th century elephants marched from the East African coast towards Congo to tell a heartbreaking story of folly and colonial greed. INSTANT SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLERWINNER OF THE STANFORD'S TRAVEL WRITING BOOK OF THE YEAR 2026WAINWRIGHT PRIZE FOR WRITING ON CONSERVATION 2025 SHORTLISTEDBest Summer Books of 2025: An illuminating tale of imperial ambition and ineptitude.' FINANCIAL TIMES'A beautiful, intelligent and heartfelt book, a brilliantly researched account of an imperial fever dream alongside a no less feverish contemporary journey' THE SUNDAY TIMES'History and travelogue combine wonderfully in this tale of colonial plunder and hubris.' GUARDIANIn 1879, King Leopold II of Belgium launched an ambitious plan to plunder Africa’s resources. The key to cracking open the continent, or so he thought, was its elephants ? if only he could train them. And so he commissioned the charismatic Irish adventurer Frederick Carter to ship four tamed Asian elephants from India to the East African coast, where they were marched inland towards Congo. The ultimate aim was to establish a training school for African elephants. Following in the footsteps of the four elephants, Roberts pieces together the incredible true story of this long-forgotten expedition, in travels that take her to Belgium, Iraq, India, Tanzania and Congo. The storytelling brings to life a compelling cast of historic characters and modern voices, from ivory dealers to Catholic nuns, set against rich descriptions of the landscapes travelled. Digging deep into historic records to reckon with our broken relationship with animals, Training School for Elephants reveals an extraordinary and enduring story of colonial greed, ineptitude, hypocrisy and folly. Praise for Training School for Elephants:'This is a marvellous book, an important footnote to history - of Sophy Roberts' intrepid travel with a real purpose, shining a light on colonialism, Belgian and British, and their peculiar obsessions.’' - Paul Theroux, author of The Great Railway Bazaar ‘Masterfully weaving adventure, intrigue and the darker truths of colonial ambition into a story as gripping as it is eye-opening.’ - Levison Wood, author of Walking the Nile'Deeply researched. Brings to life a bizarre and long-forgotten story of Africa with empathy, intriguing encounters and memorable characters, not least the elephants themselves.’ - Luke Pepera, author of Motherland: A Journey through 500,000 Years of African Culture and Identity‘Sophy Roberts brings history to life, tackling difficult, sensitive subjects with careful, exquisite prose. Unputdownable.’ - Mary Harper, author of Getting Somalia Wrong?'A brave and searching book, rich in history and fierce in spirit. The best sort of travel writing: handsome prose, teeming with humanity and an unwavering sense of wonder.' - Justin Marozzi, author of Baghdad, City of Peace, City of Blood ‘A cautionary tale from the early days of the Scramble for Africa, but poignant and scholarly too. Roberts writes beautifully.’ - Thomas Pakenham, author of The Scramble for Africa‘A rich, engrossing tapestry of greed and disregard for life … Few write as compellingly as Roberts, this is her as only she can write.’ - Amal Chatterjee, author of Across the Lakes

Archaeological excavation of almost the entirety of Broxy Kennels Fort to the north of Perth, was undertaken in advance of a new road development. It revealed a multivallate fortified settlement on a hill overlooking the River Tay. The fort constructed in the 6th century BC initially comprised two ditches that encircled the hill with a north-east entranceway that led to the interior. Around the late 5th-early 4th centuries BC, parts of the settlement’s defences were altered to accommodate a souterrain constructed into one of the silted-up ditches. The alteration necessitated a further short ditch either side of the entrance, followed by a final outer ditch that encircled the hill. Other changes within the enclosure may also have occurred at this time with material from clearance of structures being dumped in the ditches. After a short hiatus, an unenclosed settlement within the interior of the fort persisted from the 4th century BC until around the late 1st century AD. Other than traces of sporadic activity from the early medieval period to the post-medieval era, the site was to all intents and purposes lost to the plough.

AN INVESTIGATION INTO ONE OF THE OLDEST UNSOLVED CASES ON THE FBI'S BOOKS, SPANNING SIX DECADES AND THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. 1967. ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. At his son's fifth birthday party, Joseph Maloney was alleged to have poisoned his wife. While awaiting trial in the psychiatric wing of a Rochester hospital, he escaped and vanished. Years later, a charming stranger calling himself Michael O'Shea surfaced in Dublin. Claiming roots in the west of Ireland, he married a local woman and sold his garage business to buy a grand country estate. For years he lived as a country gentleman and worked at the pinnacle of Ireland's film industry - until a US extradition treaty exposed his true identity. Arrested in 1985, Maloney escaped justice again when his trial collapsed on a technicality. He fled Ireland, leaving US and Irish investigators clueless as to his whereabouts - until an RTÉ Documentary on One podcast picked up his trail decades later. Runaway Joe is the story of a man who reinvented himself with chilling ease - a portrait of a remorseless manipulator whose acts left devastation across continents.

From haunted barrows to ruined castles, Britain’s landscape is rich with tales of hidden treasure – stories not just of gold, but of ghosts, curses and forbidden knowledge. Treasures on Earth gathers hundreds of these traditions for the first time, showing how folklore, shaped by local memory and longing, has imagined wealth not merely as currency, but as power, danger and loss. These legends tell of dragons, demons and seekers armed with spells, but also of real hopes stirred by poverty, war and the mysteries of place. Through vivid storytelling and careful insight, this book reveals how treasure lore carries the emotional weight of history. In the end, these are stories not just about what is buried, but about why we still yearn to uncover it.

Voices Beyond the Grave uncovers critically understudied histories of Japanese internment and labor diasporas in the French Pacific. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, French colonial authorities, following Charles de Gaulle’s orders, detained over a thousand Japanese civilians residing across French-Pacific island territories and deported them to Australian internment camps. France’s logics of colonial racial capitalism maintained far-reaching impacts on wartime Japanese emigrant communities in the francophone territories of Tahiti, New Hebrides (now Vanuatu), and New Caledonia. In this book, New Caledonia, a strategic outpost in de Gaulle’s Free French empire and a U.S. stronghold during World War II, is a focal point for exploring the complex structures of power and resistance that arose from settler colonialism, Native dispossession, and the mass incarceration of Japanese civilians. Through rare letters from Japanese internees and interviews with their descendants, this book unveils the emotional and political struggles of mixed-race, Japanese-Melanesian children and families caught in the crossfire of racial settler coloniality. Drawing from military archives in Japanese, French, and English languages, this work also connects the internment of the French-Pacific Japanese to broader, global economies of racialized incarceration and labor, extending to Japanese American internees in the United States. Finally, the author delves into the fate of Japanese detainees sent to Australia, tracing their harrowing experiences from being perceived as enemy aliens during the war to displaced strangers in their postwar lives in Japan. This book goes beyond history—it is a call for racial justice. At the heart of Voices Beyond the Grave is the author’s global humanitarian project that has reunited descendants of Japanese internees living in Japan with their long-lost families in New Caledonia, resolving eighty-year-old historical enigmas while healing the wounds of wartime injustice. Voices Beyond the Grave sits at the interdisciplinary nexus of empire history and decolonial activism, charting new directions in transpacific studies. With insights into the lives of the Melanesian, Japanese, and French children and families that the vicissitudes of World War II irrevocably shaped, this book reveals the Indigenous and Japanese afterlives that have haunted the French Pacific.

The Khalili Anis al-Hujjaj (Pilgrims’ Companion) presents a ground-breaking new exploration of Safi ibn Vali Qazwini''s richly illustrated manuscript dating from 1676-77. This beautifully produced volume, with a scholarly introduction by Qaisra M. Khan and translation by Michael Burns, documents the author''s year-long journey to Mecca and Medina from Mughal India via the Indian Ocean and Red Sea.Commissioned by Zeb un-Nisa, the daughter of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, this delightfully vivid account belongs to a long-established tradition of guides to the Holy Sanctuaries. It gives comprehensive advice to prospective pilgrims on every aspect of the maritime journey, such as which ships to select, the best foods to consume, rituals to observe, significant places to visit and the people one might encounter.This volume extensively explores the original manuscript''s detailed illustrations and text, providing an invaluable window into 17th-century religious practices, maritime travel, and the cultural landscape of the Indian Ocean world.

In 1950, France experienced two parallel but different outcomes in its Indochina war. While the conflict in the north ended with a disastrous defeat for the French at Dien Bien Phu, in southern Vietnam, or Cochinchina, France emerged victorious in a series of violent but now largely forgotten actions. In the Year of the Tiger tells the story of this critical southern campaign, revealing in dramatic detail how the French war for Cochinchina set the stage for the American war in Vietnam. In northern Vietnam, the French troops had focused on destroying Viet Minh main force units. A dearth of resources in the south dictated a different strategy. William M. Waddell III describes how, by avoiding costly attempts to defeat the Viet Minh in the traditional military sense, the southern French command was able to secure key economic and political strongholds. Consulting both French and Vietnamese sources, Waddell examines the principal commanders on both sides, their competing strategies, and the hard-fought military campaign that they waged for control of the south. The author’s deft analysis suggests that counter to widely accepted views, the Viet Minh were not invincible, and the outcome of the conflict in Indochina was not inevitable. A challenge to historical orthodoxy, In the Year of the Tiger presents a more balanced interpretation of the French war for Indochina. At the same time, the book alters and expands our understanding of the precedents and the dynamics of America’s Vietnam War.

This is an extraordinary account of courage, survival, and sacrifice in the aftermath of one of the Second World War’s most daring missions. While the Doolittle Raid on Japan is often celebrated for its audacity and strategic importance, this book focuses on the tortuous journey of the Raiders once their mission was complete, as they descended – quite literally – into the unknown. After striking targets in Japan on 18 April 1942, the Raiders, flying their North American B-25 bombers, faced an impossible challenge: reaching safety with dwindling fuel reserves. While one crew landed in the Soviet Union, the remaining fifteen crash-landed or baled out over Japanese-occupied China, initiating a desperate struggle for survival. Spread across rugged terrain, the Raiders battled severe weather, injuries, starvation, and the constant threat of capture or death at the hand of the Japanese forces. This book delves deeply into the human stories of the Doolittle Raiders during their escape through hostile territory. It highlights the critical role played by Chinese villagers and resistance fighters who risked – and often lost – their lives to protect the stranded Americans. Through their heroic efforts, many Raiders made it to safety, but not without significant losses. The Japanese retaliated mercilessly against the Chinese in one of the largest manhunts the Japanese ever mounted, killing tens of thousands in the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, underscoring the devastating costs of the mission. With its rich blend of action, human drama, and historical depth, and drawing on declassified military records, personal diaries, and interviews with descendants of the Raiders and their Chinese allies, The Doolittle Raiders’ Battle of Survival vividly reconstructs the Raiders’ perilous journey to safety – or not. From parachute landings into dense forests and dangerous mountain crossings to encounters with guerrilla fighters and near-capture by Japanese troops, the narrative is both suspenseful and deeply moving.

The Empire of Japan formally surrendered to the Allies on 2 September 1945, following the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. While the fighting had ended, a new weapon had been unleashed onto the world stage that nations rushed frantically to develop and master. The USA needed somewhere extremely remote to conduct its experimental nuclear weapons testing. They chose Bikini Atoll – a beautiful Pacific coral atoll in the Marshall Islands in the middle of the Pacific and perhaps the most remote group of islands on the planet. The initial nuclear experiments were assigned the codename Operation Crossroads. The 167 local islanders were moved out of their once tranquil tropical paradise whilst American, and captured German and Japanese, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, submarines, and aircraft carriers were moved to the lagoon and moored strategically around the test area so that the effects of a nuclear blast on them could be studied. In total, the US conducted twenty-five nuclear tests on the atoll between 1946 and 1957. Unsurprisingly, Bikini was closed to all visitors until the 1990s. But with radiation in the waters of the lagoon at safe levels, Bikini was able to open its lagoon to divers - and hosting wrecks of some of the most famous shipwrecks of the Second World War, Bikini soon became a magnet for technical divers. Today, diving the Bikini Atoll wrecks is seen as the ultimate diving experience. A renowned diver, Rod Macdonald is famous for his books about the Second World War shipwrecks of Truk Lagoon and Palau. He has now investigated the Bikini wrecks and presents a detailed analysis of the ABLE and BAKER nuclear tests, alongside a stunning collection of unique images of the wrecks, which graphically portray the effects of the most devastating weapons known to mankind.