Najnovšie - Encyklopédie populárno-náučné - História strana 64 z 161
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The Egyptian Labor Corps
During World War I, the British Empire enlisted half a million young men, predominantly from the countryside of Egypt, in the Egyptian Labor Corps (ELC) and put them to work handling military logistics in Europe and the Middle East. British authorities reneged on their promise not to draw Egyptians into the war, and, as Kyle Anderson shows, the ELC was seen by many in Egypt as a form of slavery. The Egyptian Labor Corps tells the forgotten story of these young men, culminating in the essential part they came to play in the 1919 Egyptian Revolution. Combining sources from archives in four countries, Anderson explores Britain's role in Egypt during this period and how the ELC came to be, as well as the experiences and hardships these men endured. As he examines the ways they coped - through music, theater, drugs, religion, strikes, and mutiny - he illustrates how Egyptian nationalists, seeing their countrymen in a state akin to slavery, began to grasp that they had been racialized as "people of color." Documenting the history of the ELC and its work during the First World War, The Egyptian Labor Corps also provides a fascinating reinterpretation of the 1919 revolution through the lens of critical race theory.
The Turks and the Caliphal Army
A defense of Abbasid military policy from a powerhouse of Arabic lettersIn the aftermath of a bitter civil war in 3rd/9th-century Baghdad, the Abbasid caliph al-Muʿtaṣim began purchasing Turkish slaves to create a highly trained private militia loyal only to him. In doing so, al-Muʿtaṣim introduced an enduring tradition of enslaved soldiers that became widespread across the region. The incorporation of these Turkish troops into the caliph’s army, however, threatened to throw fuel on the fires of factional strife. With this text, written at the request of a high-ranking official, the legendary polymath and "father of Arabic prose" al-Jāḥiẓ defends the Turkish soldiers’ effectiveness and importance, and in so doing defends the unity and integrity of the army and the value of allegiance to the Abbasid state.Using the epistolary essay as a rhetorical device, al-Jāḥiẓ conceives a debate between his patron, al-Fatḥ ibn Khāqān, and an adversary. With al-Fatḥ as a mouthpiece, al-Jāḥiẓ skillfully contrasts his own reasoned argument for harmony and understanding with his adversary’s impassioned partisan polemics. While extolling the Turks’ merits as soldiers, al-Jāḥiẓ draws attention to the common ground between Turks and their rivals—history, geography, religion, and above all devotion to the Abbasid cause, stressing unity and reconciliation over discord and division. The result is a remarkable essay offering insight into social and political cohesion in the Abbasid empire at its height, and the rifts that threatened its stability.A bilingual Arabic-English edition.
Let the Oppressed Go Free
Tenacious activism by Quakers, African Americans, and antislavery evangelicals made antislavery central to the American Revolution In Let the Oppressed Go Free, Nicholas P. Wood presents the opponents of slavery who sustained and expanded the antislavery movement during the American Revolution in the face of widespread hostility. These early abolitionists were inspired by antislavery theology: the view that slavery was a sinful form of oppression that would provoke God's wrath against slaveholding societies. These principles were first advanced by a handful of Quakers and Puritans as early as the 1600s, but they did not become widespread until the second half of the eighteenth century. Quakers embraced antislavery theology during the French and Indian War, which they interpreted as divine chastisement for the sin of colonial slavery. Citing the prophet Isaiah, they pledged to please the Lord by letting the oppressed go free. Antislavery theology became even more prominent during the American Revolution. When Parliament provoked an imperial crisis in the 1760s, abolitionists argued it was further evidence of God's anger over slavery. The outbreak of war in 1775 made these arguments increasingly persuasive. Let the Oppressed Go Free demonstrates that antislavery activism during the Revolution by Quakers, African Americans, and evangelical patriots was more sophisticated and influential than historians have recognized. The northern states that began abolishing slavery during the Revolution did so in response to tenacious agitation and generally described their actions as designed to earn God's blessing. Let the Oppressed Go Free challenges many common assumptions about abolitionism and the American Revolution. Wood demonstrates that religion remained central to abolitionism rather than being displaced by "secular" arguments about natural rights. And whereas some have argued that the Revolutionary War hindered antislavery progress and fueled racism, Wood shows that the war accelerated reform.
Children of Mars
A fresh narrative history of the rise of Rome''s empire in Italy, that exposes the monumental expansion of the Roman familial, social, political, and militaristic way of living across Italy.Before the Romans could become masters of the Mediterranean, they had to first conquer the people of their own peninsula. This book explores the origins of Roman imperialism and the creation of Rome''s early Italian empire, bringing new light and interpretations to this important but problematic period in Roman history. It explains how and why the Romans were able to expand their influence within Italy, often through the use of armed conflict, laying the foundations for their great imperial project.This book critically reexamines and reframes the traditional literary narrative within an archaeologically informed, archaic Italian context. Jeremy Armstrong presents a new interpretation of the early Roman army, highlighting the fluid and family-driven character which is increasingly visible in the evidence. Drawing on recent developments within the field of early Roman studies, Children of Mars argues that the emergence of Rome''s empire in Italy should not be seen as the spread of a distinct “Roman” people across Italian land, but rather the expansion of a social, political, and military network amongst the Italian people. Armstrong suggests that Rome''s early empire was a fundamentally human and relational one. While this reinterpretation of early Roman imperialism is no less violent than the traditional model, it alters its core dynamic and nature, and thus shifts the entire trajectory of Rome''s Republican history.
The Youngest Yugoslavs
Reflecting on the final decades of socialism, eight individuals born in the former nation of Yugoslavia between 1971 and 1991 recount their memories of childhood and early adulthood, and how that time period has made a lasting impact on their lives. The Youngest Yugoslavs is an oral history collection that gives its readers in-depth, varied perspectives on why Yugoslavia continues to resonate so remarkably amongst its former citizens more than 30 years since the state collapsed amid war, genocide, and dislocation. Their interviews with author Jovana Babovic' showcase how these individuals remember their childhoods during the final decades of socialism and how they conceptualize the lasting impact Yugoslavia has had on their lives. The Youngest Yugoslavs offers insight on how this generation of Yugoslavian individuals have reconciled the loss of their homeland and how they have continued to find meaning in the Yugoslav past as both a lived experience and as a set of ideals.
Political Fictions
In the wake of Donald Trump''s election, renowned medievalist Patrick Boucheron delivered a powerful, probing series of lectures on ''political fictions'' in the context of rising authoritarianism and populism. Adapted here for the first time in English, they offer key insights into how we arrived at our current global moment and what history can teach us about moving forward. Long before Trump parlayed his reality TV character into a presidential victory with the MAGA movement, aspiring rulers have used the art of storytelling and the power of fable to control others. Discussing seminal works from Machiavelli''s The Prince and Hobbes''s Leviathan to Orwell''s 1984 and the writings of Nazi jurist Carl Schmitt, Boucheron explores the profound interconnectedness of political theory and fiction, and the tension between politics and the political.
On Pedantry
A lively and entertaining cultural history of a supremely annoying intellectual viceIntellectuals have long provoked scorn and irritation, even downright aggression. Many learned individuals have cast such hostility as a badge of honor, a sign of envy, or a form of resistance to inconvenient truths. On Pedantry offers an altogether different perspective, revealing how the excessive use of learning has been a vice in Western culture since the days of Socrates. Taking readers from the academies of ancient Greece to today’s culture wars, Arnoud Visser explains why pretentious and punctilious learning has always annoyed us, painting vibrant portraits of some of the most intensely irritating intellectuals ever known, from devious sophists and bossy savantes to hypercritical theologians, dry-as-dust antiquarians, and know-it-all professors. He shows how criticisms of pedantry have typically been more about conduct than ideas, and he demonstrates how pedantry served as a weapon in the perennial struggle over ideas, social status, political authority, and belief. Shifting attention away from the self-proclaimed virtues of the learned to their less-than-flattering vice, Visser makes a bold and provocative contribution to the history of Western thought. Drawing on a wealth of sources ranging from satire and comedy to essays, sermons, and film, On Pedantry sheds critical light on why anti-intellectual views have gained renewed prominence today and serves as essential reading in an age of rising populism across the globe.
Lincoln
This meticulously researched book featuring 100 historically significant artifacts weaves together expert commentary, poignant anecdotes, and beautiful photographs to bring to life rare, personal items and the most iconic items and documents from Lincoln s life and tenure as president. Following the journey visitors take through this world-famous museum, chapters immerse readers in pivotal moments in Lincoln s life, transforming them into vibrant vignettes from the desk where he penned his thoughts to keep a nation together to the Gettysburg Address where he considered a new birth of freedom and even the last spoon he used on that fateful April 1865 evening. As readers experience the weight of Lincoln s struggles and triumphs in a profoundly tangible way, the book transforms from a collection of objects to a gateway into the essence of a man who shaped a nation. The book not only serves as an informative resource for the public, students, and enthusiasts but also makes history come alive.
World War II Aerial Combat 1937 - 1945
Here, for the first time, is the story of the victorious, the vanquished and the forgotten air forces that fought in the Second World War in more than 300 period photographs. World War II would see the full potential of air power over the battlefield and oceans. From mere appendages of the army and navy, air forces became essential tools of destruction and critical for future battlefield and naval success.The histories of air warfare during World War II have focused exclusively on the air forces of the major powers: the United States, Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union and Japan. What has been completely ignored is the forgotten men and machines that fought alongside the Allies and Axis air forces, and there were many. Some of these air forces even found themselves fighting for both sides at the same time.Alongside coverage of the major air powers, this book includes information, rare photos and illustrations from the numerous small Allied and Axis air forces that left their mark and fills an important gap in our knowledge of WWII aviation. This is the story of the forgotten air forces of Poland, Belgium, Norway, Netherlands, France, Greece, India, China, Yugoslavia, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, Slovakia and Finland - all of which fought with determination and some with great skill against overwhelming odds.
Bark Canoes
"This handsomely illustrated work presents a clear and succinct review of the talented, driven, and irascible [Adney]... Recommended."-- ChoiceThe bark canoe was the method of water travel for centuries, by native people in North America. The canoe made possible hunting, trade, and communication between native groups. Edwin Tappan Adney singlehandedly preserved the fading history of Indigenous bark canoe construction in North America, building 110 historically accurate canoe models, many based on canoes that were the last remaining example of their type. Adney calculated that his canoe models consumed over 20,000 hours of detailed drawing, research and building.Bark Canoes profiles Adney''s life and life''s work. Born in the United States in 1868, he lived much of his adult life in Canada. His last years were spent almost penniless in a small bungalow in New Brunswick. Canoe research and model building were only one of the passions that drove this extraordinary man. Respected by scholars for his work with canoes, ethnography and Native languages, he struggled against enormous odds to create and preserve his models and papers.Now owned by the Mariners'' Museum in Newport News, Virginia, 110 of his beloved canoe models have been photographed and are presented here in splendid color. This book is a great resource for anyone interested in the history of North American Indigenous people and how they lived. The Mariners'' Museum holds the largest international collection of maritime artifacts in North America, including ship models, paintings and hundreds of thousands of vintage photographs.
A History of the Americas
This extraordinary hardback reference guide weaves together common threads of history of the Americas, from the end of the ice ages until the present day, richly illustrated in full-colour throughout.This sweeping survey follows the epic story of the region, starting more than 15,000 years ago, when the first person stepped onto the American continent, through to the modern day. It is a sprawling tale of cultural transformations, influential characters, and evolving political landscapes into motion. Documenting the people, events, and beliefs that define the continent''s complex history, it shows how this crucial region has become what it is today.In this fascinating book, you will undertake a journey exploring the ancient empires of the Olmecs, the Aztecs, and the Inka; the revolutions that overturned European superpowers; two world wars; the fraught politics of the Cold War; and finally, the Covid-19 pandemic and the rise of a new type of politics in the 21st century. Offering a fresh take on the continent''s interconnected history, A History of the Americas illuminates the intricate tapestry of American history and explores where the continent might be headed.Beautifully illustrated with more than 200 colour photographs, detailed timelines and fascinating maps, A History of the Americas brings the sprawling history of the two continents to life.
A History of the Modern World
Written by lead historian Jeremy Black, this fascinating hardback reference guide charts an incredible history of the modern world, beautifully visualised with full-colour images throughout.In this masterful account, Black explores the key themes that have shaped the history of the modern world since 1950. Eschewing a simple political narrative, he instead explores the roles of the environment, demographics, the economy and technology in driving change in the world.The story begins in 1950, by which time a new world order had come into place, with Communism firmly established in Russia, Eastern Europe and China, decolonisation well underway in the old European empires, and the American monopoly on nuclear weaponry at an end, setting the stage for the Cold War.Over the course of the next 75 years, the world changed immeasurably - the population nearly tripled; climate change became ever more pronounced; new liberal values regarding gender, sexuality and age took hold; television and then the internet became the primary drivers of culture; and a new frontier of exploration opened up in space. At the same time tensions continued in politics, with alternative models of democracy and authoritarianism coming into fierce conflict and a range of new countries emerging through decolonization.Ranging widely across the globe, A History of the World from 1950 sheds new light on this fascinating era.
Secret Weapons of World War II
The dropping of two atom bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and their shocking aftermath finally ended World War II in the eastern theatre. But they weren''t the only experimental weaponry at the time. In this fascinating account, Chris McNab examines the development of a range of hitherto unknown and at times shockingly effective weapons that were developed and unleashed on an unsuspecting world over the course of the war. They include the bouncing bomb, the V2 rocket that caused terror in London, Antwerp and Liege in the later years of the war, Bat Bombs, the X-class submarine and the Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka suicide attack aircraft.Containing black and white images throughout, Secret Weapons of World War II examines the thinking behind these weapons, the research and development that led to their creation, their effectiveness in deployment, and ultimately how these weaponry developments fundamentally changed the balance of the war.
The World War II Collection
This box set brings together five brilliant titles which recount the major events of World War II, from Dunkirk to the Nuremberg trials. With breakdowns of skilful military manoeuvres, chilling accounts of Nazi organisations and astounding details from the fall of Berlin, this collection chronicles the defeat of Germany and the Axis powers. These titles are: • Great Battles of World War II by Michael Dudley • Hitler''s War Beneath the Waves by Nigel Cawthorn• Hitler''s Last Day by Richard Dargie• The Story of the SS by Al Cimino• The Nuremberg Trials by Alexander MacdonaldA great read for both military history enthusiasts and those eager to learn more about World War II.
The Battles of World War II
This box set brings together five brilliant titles which recount the major battles of World War II, from the D-Day Landings to Stalingrad. With breakdowns of skilful military manoeuvres, chilling accounts of Nazi organisations and astounding details on the aerial and naval operations, this collection chronicles the defeat of Germany and the Axis powers. These titles are: • The Battle of the Bulge by Martin King• The Aerial War by David Baker• Stalingrad by Rupert Matthews• Victory in the Pacific by Karen Farrington • The D-Day Landings by Nigel CawthorneA great read for both military history enthusiasts and those eager to learn more about World War II.
Contested Commons
A radical history of England, Contested Commons is a gripping overview of increasingly restrictive policing and legislation against protest in public spaces. It tells the long history of contests over Trafalgar Square, Hyde Park, Cable Street and Kinder Scout, as well as sites in towns and rural areas across the country. Navickas reveals how protesters claimed these spaces as their own commons, resisting their continuing enclosure and exclusion by social and political elites. She investigates famous and less well-known demonstrations and protest marches, from early democracy, trade union movements and the Suffragettes to anti-fascist, Black rights and environmental campaigners in more recent times. Contested Commons offers positive as well as troubling lessons on how we protect the right to protest.
Gold
This full-colour, illustrated reference guide explores the fascinating history of gold. Why are we so fascinated by gold? Why is it so revered and so valued? From the earliest times to the present day, humans have been attracted by this sun-coloured metal, sometimes worshipping it, always prizing it. Gold: The Metal that Rules the World investigates the history of this versatile element, examining what it is, how it came to be found on Earth and why it has played such an important part in human history. A precious commodity that still rules the world of finance, gold has taken many forms: from statues and beautiful, intricate jewellery to playing a vital role as a delicate component in highly sophisticated technology and, as medical science advances, as part of ever-more crucial treatments for serious illnesses. Highly readable and fully illustrated, this is an engrossing tale of humankind''s love affair with element no 79.
Animating the Dead
This book provides the exciting results of a long-term project examining Bronze Age round barrow construction and burial practices in Orkney, Scotland. A main focus of this research is on the act of cremation; a technology of bodily metamorphosis as articulated through complex mortuary practices, which produced a distinctive form of funerary architecture. This, and other topical themes, are explored through the results of extensive excavations at several barrow cemeteries including Linga Fiold, Gitterpitten, Varme Dale, Vestrafiold and the Knowes of Trotty, the latter being famous for rich grave goods including gold discs and amber beads. In this context, in being built on the ruins of an early Neolithic settlement, Knowes of Trotty provides an intersection of relational fields, fusing local tradition with faraway places.At Linga Fiold, the barrow cemetery was almost entirely excavated, and by employing sophisticated recovery techniques and analyses, unique evidence is presented for a complex sequence of barrow building and mortuary practices. This enables the reconstruction of an extraordinary ritual journey of the deceased from cremation pyre to final interment.Additionally, several cist excavations are published here for the first time. This evidence allows an appraisal of the developing cist burial tradition in Orkney through the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age, from the insertion of remains into chambered tombs and large re-enterable unobtrusive cists, to the development of imposing linear barrow cemeteries, to the drawing in of the dead closer to home.Overall, the new findings presented here allow a reconsideration of the chronology and specifics of changing Orcadian burial technologies and traditions: clearly, such results have significance beyond Orkney for understanding the complexities of Bronze Age cremation and burial practices across Britain and north-west Europe.
The Secret Battle For Britain
The dramatic story of Franz von Werra, famously the only Axis PoW to succeed in escaping and make it home during the Second World War, is told in the 1957 movie The One That Got Away. The film details von Werra’s interrogation by RAF intelligence in 1940, presenting an enlightening, but compressed, version of his treatment following his capture in the Battle of Britain. The script revealed a little of the tactics of his RAF interrogators, which so impressed von Werra that he was quick to tell the Luftwaffe High Command upon his return to Germany in 1941.Of course, von Werra was just one of many Luftwaffe airmen captured during 1939 and 1940. Many, if not all, were subject to processing and interrogation having been taken prisoner. Information was gleaned through ‘private’ discussions between senior officers and some lower ranks, obtained via covert microphones, as well as interrogation, stool pigeons. However, these tactics had been developed in the first months of the war and with the Battle of Britain producing vast quantities of PoWs, the new tactics were honed on these unsuspecting guinea pigs.The German airmen, most of whom at this stage of the war believed that victory was inevitable, provided Air Intelligence both wittingly and unwittingly, with a treasure trove of information which covered not only technical and tactical intelligence, but also possible war crimes, morale and more. Air Intelligence used tactics that any modern interrogator would recognise. The RAF also built up quite a library of information, much of it coming from what we now call ‘Open source’ material. This included newspapers, magazines, radio broadcasts and information from previous prisoners. Carefully collated and analysed, in time, Air Intelligence built up a detailed picture of pilots, aircraft, units and the general social situation around a unit or airfield community. This book examines the development of Air Intelligence and its interrogation of Luftwaffe airmen from 1939 to the end of the 1940, providing a fascinating insight into a little-known part of both the Battle of Britain and the Blitz.
Pridajte sa k nám na ceste časom s našou komplexnou kolekciou encyklopédií zaoberajúcich sa históriou. Táto kategória obsahuje všetko od praveku až po súčasnosť. Študujte historické udalosti, významné osobnosti, dôležité civilizácie a momenty, ktoré formovali svet, v ktorom žijeme dnes. Ideálne pre študentov, učiteľov, ako aj pre všeobecných historických nadšencov, naše encyklopédie sú zdrojom nevyčerpaných informácií a zábavného poznávania.
Mnohé encyklopédie sú bohato ilustrované, čo umožňuje čitateľom lepšie vizualizovať a porozumieť historickým udalostiam a obdobiam.
