Najnovšie - Encyklopédie populárno-náučné strana 64 z 152
História 
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Vesmír, veda a technika 
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With the SBS and SAS in WW2
From a choirboy on HMS Victory to a Royal Marine and then an early recruit of the Special Boat Service and Special Air Service, Ken Smith was a witness to many of the key events of the Second World War. Not for nothing was he often heard to say, ‘I never expected to see the end of the war.’ He did survive and credited the SAS with saving his life, although he carried a permanent reminder of his service for over seventy years: a bullet embedded in his arm.As a Royal Marine Ken survived the North Atlantic, Arctic and Mediterranean. When he heard there was a call for men to join a special forces group, Smith volunteered and was accepted into the SBS. Operating across the Mediterranean, the SBS raided German garrisons in North Africa, the Greek islands, Albania, Italy and Yugoslavia. In the Dodecanese, Smith and his comrades terrorized the occupying Germans. ‘We used to go out every night, landing on all these islands, shooting up Germans,’ recalled Ken.One of these missions was the famous raid on the island of Symi in July 1944. In what was one of the SBS’s largest raids, the entire German garrison was killed or taken prisoner. Ken was also there, as part of a specially selected force of eighteen men, when the legendary Dane, Anders Lassen, earned his posthumous Victoria Cross a raid on the north shore of Lake Comacchio in Italy. It was in a raid in Yugoslavia that Ken was hit with one bullet going through his back and out the other side, and a second being the one which remained in his arm for the rest of his life. Ken’s many missions saw him cradling his mortally wounded officer in his arms and sitting alongside an officer, in the same canoe, when he earned his Military Cross. This is Ken’s astonishing story.
Political Economy from Pufendorf to Marx
István Hont (1947–2013) defected from Communist Hungary in the 1970s and became renowned globally as a scholarly visionary in European political ideas. Following his death, a wealth of unpublished material from an early project rewriting the history of liberty, politics and political economy from Samuel Pufendorf to Karl Marx was discovered. This book brings together seven of Hont's previously unpublished papers, providing a revolutionary intellectual history of the Marxian notion of communism and revealing its origin in seventeenth-century natural jurisprudence. Hont aspired to integrate the history and theory of politics and economics, to infuse present-day concerns with a knowledge of past events and theoretical responses. The essays selected for this volume realise Hont's historical imagination, range and intellectual ambition, exploring his belief that Marxism ought to be abandoned and explaining how to do it.
My Own Past
In late eighteenth-century Havana, residents frequently referred to the existence of large communities of negros and pardos as 'officers in the trade of painter' and the authors of 'exquisite works.' But who are these artists, and where can we find their works? What sort of works did they produce? Where were they trained, and how did they master their crafts with such perfection? By centering the artistic production and social worlds of artists of African descent in Cuba since the colonial period, this revisionist history of Cuban art provides compelling answers to these questions. Carefully researched and cogently argued, the book explores the gendered racial biases that have informed the constitution of the Cuban art canon; exposes how the ideologues of the slave owning planter class institutionalized the association between 'fine arts' and key attributes of whiteness; and examines how this association continues to shape art historical narratives in Cuba.
Making Merchants
Using a rare collection of personal narratives written by successful merchants in early modern German-speaking Europe, this study examines how such men understood their role in commerce and in society more generally. As they told it, their honor was based not just on riches won in long-distance trade but, more fundamentally, on their comportment both in and outside the marketplace. As these men described their experiences as husbands and fathers, as civic leaders, as men who “lived nobly,” or as practitioners of their faith, they did not, however, seek to obscure their role as merchants. Rather, they built on it to construct a class identity that allowed them entry into the period's moral economy. Martha C. Howell not only disrupts linear histories of capitalism and modernity, she demonstrates how the model of mercantile honor these merchants fashioned would live beyond the early modern centuries, providing later capitalists with a narrative about their own self-worth.
Towards Disaster
In the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, Prince Andrew of Greece was given command of the 2nd Army Corps during the Battle of the Sakarya. He was commanded to lead his troops in attacking the Turkish positions, but to the consternation of his commanding general, Anastasios Papoulas, he elected to follow his own battle plan. Following three weeks of bitter fighting, Papoulas ordered a retreat, placing the blame directly on Prince Andrew. The final defeat of the Greek army in Asia Minor came in August 1922 and precipitated the 11 September 1922 Revolution in Athens, which led to Prince Andrew’s lifelong banishment from his homeland. Towards Disaster is Prince Andrew’s own account of the campaign in Asia Minor in which he defends his actions during the Battle of the Sakarya, a hopeless contest in his estimation, during which he was intent on avoiding needless loss of life.
Friends of God and Slaves of Men
Religion and slavery have been connected since the beginning of human history, but their tangled relationship has rarely been dissected and truly understood. This groundbreaking book illuminates how religion has intersected with the institution of slavery, both as a force for its perpetuation and as a catalyst for its abolition. Spanning antiquity to the present day, this book offers a comprehensive overview of how Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and other faiths have variously justified, moderated, restricted, or opposed slavery. Experts Kevin Bales and Michael Rota integrate historical, philosophical, theological, and social scientific perspectives to offer fresh interdisciplinary insights into this crucial social justice issue. Engaging contemporary challenges, it covers ISIS's religious justifications for enslavement and the role of the caste system in modern bondage. Finally, it highlights faith-based antislavery activism today and asks how religious communities can amplify their efforts to combat the enduring scourge of slavery worldwide.
Surviving Revolution
Surviving Revolution explores how two wealthy and well-connected families with roots in Lyon responded to the French Revolution and the resulting transformations. In building a new political system based on liberty, equality, and fraternity, the French Revolution encouraged both individuals and families to recognize their power to shape the world through political action, rethink their strategies in negotiating intimate relations and family life, and assess both terrifying new risks and enticing opportunities for advancement. Denise Z. Davidson traces two families' trajectories and weaves together the strategies they employed to survive and hopefully thrive in the decades that followed the Revolution. Their private correspondence shows that affect and interest, intimacy and property, are mutually constitutive, and cannot be "thought" separately. Her analysis reveals what it meant to be bourgeois, how gender played a role in the formation of class identities, and how family and emotional life overlapped with other arenas. These social and cultural themes are woven into the narrative through the stories told in the families' letters. By viewing dramatic historical events through the eyes of people who lived through them, Surviving Revolution illuminates how the practices of everyday life shaped emerging notions of bourgeois identity.
An Introduction to Peruvian Archaeology
An Introduction to Peruvian Archaeology: The Excavated Past offers an accessible and up-to-date guide to Peru’s rich archaeological heritage. Through a broad vision of archaeology as a discipline and historical reality, Henry Tantaleán offers a fascinating immersion into the past of Peru. This book is structured in three parts: an introduction to the key concepts of global and local archaeology, a brief history of Peruvian archaeology, and a tour of the societies of ancient Peru, from the first settlers to the fall of the Inca Empire. Furthermore, the author highlights the role of archaeology in daily life, education, and popular culture. This book is an invaluable resource not only for students and professionals of Peruvian archaeology but also for anyone interested in understanding the cultural legacy that these findings contribute to our understanding of human history.
The Chalcolithic and Bronze Age in Jersey
This volume is the first in a series of archaeological resource assessments commissioned by Jersey Heritage as part of an Archaeological Research Framework for the island. It is a comprehensive study of the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age of Jersey in the context of the other Channel Islands and their relationship with north-west France. The first part of the book describes our current state of knowledge and in the second part research objectives and questions are presented. These are designed to guide those responsible for the care and protection of artefacts, archaeological deposits and monuments. Researchers will benefit from the resource assessment as it provides an academic framework for future investigations in Jersey.
The China Question
For centuries, Western scholars portrayed China either as a land of superior morality, economy, and governance or as a formidable country of pagans that posed a global threat to Western values. Idealized images of China were used to shame rulers for their incompetence, while China was demonized as an external threat to cover up domestic political failures. In the twentieth century, the geopolitics of global capitalism have facilitated more nuanced perspectives, but the diversifying of knowledge about China is far from complete. In this thought-provoking study, Ho-fung Hung finds that both Western elites and China's authoritarian regime today continue to promote many Orientalist stereotypes to advance their economic interests and political projects. He shows how big-picture historical, social, and economic changes are inextricably linked to fluctuations in the realm of ideas. Only open debate can overcome extremes of fantasy and fear.
Looted!
Looted! Is a history of the lives and art collections of four French Jewish families, whose art was looted, and whose businesses were confiscated during the Nazi Occupation of France (1940-44). The story is of their lives, their businesses and art collections, and the journeys of their paintings during wartime and beyond.The four Protagonist families all made an important cultural and industrial contribution to France. The Bader/Heilbronn/Meyer family were founders of the French department store, Galeries Lafayette. Their entire art collections were looted by the German ERR and processed in Paris in copybook fashion; both Heilbronn and Meyer were significant members of the French wartime Resistance. Pierre Wertheimer founded Parfums Chanel, and he too had to flee from the occupier; a ‘friend’ offered to help save his paintings from plunder but betrayed him. Pierre and Denise Lévy of Troyes were founders of one of the largest Textile businesses in France, and post-war they donated their art collection to the French nation. They managed to seek refuge in the unoccupied south and were fortunate to hide their art from the German occupier. Georges Lévy (Lurcy), an aviation industrialist and banker, made his fortune in France and also invested heavily in art. He sought refuge in the US during the Occupation, successfully smuggling the bulk of his art out of France to the US via Portugal. After his death Lurcy’s art collection was sold as part of what was termed the ‘Greatest Auction’; to this day the proceeds fund continuing educational exchange between France and US . Each story of imagination, resilience and determination, shows a different facet of the Jewish French art collector experience during the Dark Years of Occupation.
Self-Made
''Self-Made'' success is now an American badge of honor that rewards individualist ambitions while it hammers against community obligations. Yet, four centuries ago, our foundational stories actually disparaged ambitious upstarts as dangerous and selfish threats to a healthy society. In Pamela Walker Laird''s fascinating history of why and how storytellers forged this American myth, she reveals how the goals for self-improvement evolved from serving the community to supporting individualist dreams of wealth and esteem. Simplistic stories of self-made success and failure emerged that disregarded people''s advantages and disadvantages and fostered inequality. Fortunately, Self-Made also recovers long-standing, alternative traditions of self-improvement to serve the common good. These challenges to the myth have offered inspiration, often coming, surprisingly, from Americans associated with self-made success, such as Benjamin Franklin, Frederick Douglass, and Horatio Alger. Here are real stories that show that no one lives ? no one succeeds or fails ? in a vacuum.
European Top Gun
The Tactical Leadership Programme (TLP), founded in 1978, is one of Europe''s longest-running military training programs, focused on improving the tactical leadership and flying capability of NATO air forces. Its primary goal is to enhance interoperability between NATO members and provide a flying laboratory for new tactical employment concepts.With ten founding member countries—Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States—the TLP has trained thousands of pilots from various European and North American air forces. Over the decades, it has adapted to four technological generations of aircraft, training pilots during the Cold War, the post-Berlin Wall era, and through the rise of global terrorism.The book covers the history of the TLP, detailing its training syllabus, course rigor, and evolving air bases. It also features interviews with commanding officers, highlighting the importance of skilled commanders for leading multinational air formations. Veteran non-commissioned officers discuss the coordination of diverse teams across languages and cultures.
Tanks and Armour in Ukraine 1941–1944
When the German war machine launched its attack against the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Adolf Hitler had given priority first to the capture of Ukraine, which was against the advice of his generals. In order to secure Ukraine quickly and effectively the German Army Group South entrusted its powerful Panzer Group 1 to lead the spearhead through the country. It included the III, XIV and XLVIII Army Corps (motorized) with five Panzer divisions and four motorized divisions (two of them SS) equipped with 799 tanks. Unlike their enemy, German armoured units had effective command, control, communication, and a massive supply of ammunition and support formations coupled with considerable combat experience and extensive training. What followed in the heartlands of the Ukraine was a series of powerful wide-sweeping, deep penetrating armoured attacks toward the Dnieper River. Places like Dubno, Brody, Kiev, Crimea and Kharkov saw heavy armoured fighting.This book in the Images of War series is a highly illustrated record of German tanks and armour that fought in the Ukraine between 1941 and 1944. It describes how these deadly machines fought and supported the infantry on the battlefield. It depicts how these formidable weapons were adapted and up-gunned to face the ever-increasing enemy threat. With rare and often unpublished photographs this book provides a unique insight into German armour in the Ukraine from its early triumphant days in 1941 and 1942 to its slow and painful retreat in 1944.
PS Gay
Dear Gay was an instant bestseller when it was published in 2023. PS Gay brings readers more letters and memories from the listeners of Ireland’s most iconic radio show. PS Gay reflects the very fabric of our society from the lighter watercooler moments that had us all talking, to personal stories that stopped us in our tracks. Remember the uproar over Dick’s affair in Glenroe and the nationwide protest about the decision by Switzer’s department store to remove the Christmas gnomes from the window. There are accounts of the devastating impact of the AIDS crisis, the divorce referendum and heartbreaking experiences of abortion. Most importantly, there are the stories of the lives of everyday superwomen who wrote into the show to share their experiences, Gay Byrne acting as ringmaster skilfully capturing what mattered to them. Nostalgic for times that seemed simpler than they are today, and a reminder of how far we have come.
The Domesticity of Their Darkness
The Domesticity of Their Darkness is about the appearance of images of the enslaved in Roman art and the analysis of this archive. The word snapshots has been used quite deliberately, and very specifically, in the subtitle of this study because of the impossibility of there ever being the material evidence and opportunity to write a full, linear, chronological narrative about images of the enslaved in Roman times. The ancient enslaved are now to us like shadows out of time: yet, most importantly, they seem to have existed between the images discussed in this study. In these works it was never their aesthetic value that counted: they were to be read and understood, so that their meaning came across. In the Roman world everything was art, including the history of enslavement and of the enslaved. The floating roots of so many of these enslaved individuals cannot be located in a world where for the Roman elite name, roots, and family lineage created an ideological geography of belonging, of being inside, reaching into the future as well as back to the past. For the enslaved the tranquillity of simply inhabiting space could never be enough. Images of the enslaved in Roman domestic interiors often appear now as being somehow quite weird, in terms of the strange within the familiar and the familiar as strange. The domestic world portrayed, its domesticity, does not coincide with itself. There is a wrongness here, a delusive envelope, yet all is depicted as being right. The book represents an attempt to foreground the background.
Elizabeth I's Ladies, Gentlewomen and Maids
‘What do you think of my ladies?’ Queen Elizabeth I is said to have asked a visitor to her court. The visitor, an experienced courtier, is said to have given the perfect answer: ‘It is hard to judge of stars in the presence of the sun’.Although overlooked for centuries, as the eye of history has been on the chivalrous and stately men who surrounded the Virgin Queen, the women of the Queen’s world, who attended upon her in public and in private, were of no less influence and sway than the more famous men around her.Indeed, the women of the Queen’s inner circle were far more than just attendants. They were the Queen’s friends and confidantes, her all-important support network in a treacherous political world, and by blood or by bond they were her ‘family’. This book tells their stories, the stories of the Queen’s ladies, gentlewomen and maids who, between them, served her from the cradle to the grave.From governesses to laundresses, this book features them all, with a comprehensive overview of the main positions of attendance accompanied by a biographical index of all the women known to have served the Queen over the course of her life and reign, from the matronly ladies who headed her nursery to the vivacious maids who dazzled her court with their wit and beauty.
Coastal Motor Boats
According to conventional naval history, the Coastal Motor Boat was the brainchild of three enterprising young Royal Navy officers in the early stages of the First World War. This new book reveals that the truth was far more complex, and historically more significant. Research in previously unused family records shows that the shipbuilder John I Thornycroft played a pivotal role, building on his pre-war experience in the new sport of fast motor-boat racing, without which the technologically advanced CMB could never have been built.This book goes on to analyse the original role for which these boats were specifically designed – an attack on the German High Seas Fleet in its protected anchorages – and why the operation never took place. Later activities are covered but by the end of the war many regarded the CMB as a disappointment, if not a downright failure. This changed dramatically in 1919 with the RN’s intervention against the Bolsheviks, when CMBs spectacularly raided the Kronstad naval base following the single-handed sinking of the Russian cruiser Oleg by CMB.4. Although these operations have been written up many times previously, for the first time this book has had access to contemporary Soviet reports which throw much new light on these events and their significance.After the war, the Royal Navy lost interest in CMBs – unlike the Soviets who built large numbers of what were effectively copies – but the Thornycroft design continued to be built and operated by navies as far apart as those of Finland and China. Some of these saw action in the Second World War and these largely unreported actions are also covered.The story concludes with a description of the current project in Portsmouth Naval Base which aimed to build an exact replica of CMB.4. The information gleaned from this ‘experimental archaeology’ forms a fitting end to a book replete with new information and novel insights.
Armies of the Byzantine Empire, 395-1204
The Byzantine Empire originated in AD 395 from the definitive subdivision of the Roman Empire into two distinct political entities: the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire. While the Western Empire disappeared in 476, due to Germanic invasions, the Eastern Empire endured for centuries. During Justinian’s reign (527-565) a good portion of the western territories were reconquered for a time and the Empire retained a distinctive ‘Roman’ nature at least until the reign of Heraclius (610-641). But during his reign, the Eastern Empire came under attack from the expanding Muslim Arabs, losing a much of its original Eastern territories. With Imperial power weakened and restricted largely to the Balkans and Anatolia, the ‘Roman’ nature of the Eastern Empire became progressively more Greek and transformed into what we know as ‘the Byzantine Empire’ (though they called themselves Romans to the end).Despite being surrounded by enemies, the Byzantines defended their remaining domains for a further half a millenium, their territories expanding and contracting with fluctuating fortunes. This tenacious survival was largely due to the ability of their military to adapt (as Roman armies always had) to emerging threats from a wide variety of enemies. The Byzantine Empire collapsed only in 1204, when attacked by forces of the Fourth Crusade, its ostensible allies. In addition to presenting an overview and analysis of the various campaigns of the period, Gabriele Esposito provides a complete review of Byzantine military organization, weapons, tactics and equipment. The clear text is lavishly illustrated with dozen of colour photographs of replica arms, armour and costume in use.
V kategórii populárno - náučné encyklopédie nájdete široký výber kníh, ktoré vám poskytnú poznatky z rôznych oblastí zaujímavým a zrozumiteľným spôsobom. Encyklopédie vám pomôžu získať komplexný prehľad o rôznych témach, ako ľudské telo a človek, príroda, vesmír, veda a technika a história.
Naša ponuka encyklopédií populárno-náučného charakteru vám umožní objaviť fascinujúci svet poznania a rozšíriť svoje vedomosti o rôznych témach.
