Najnovšie - Encyklopédie populárno-náučné strana 68 z 183
História 
Príroda 
Vesmír, veda a technika 
Ľudské telo, človek 
Encyklopédie - ostatné
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A-Z of Rotherham
Medieval Rotherham was a prosperous market town in the West Riding of Yorkshire with a large minster and a theological college. In later centuries its traditional industries of flour making and glass making were supplemented by coal mining and iron and steel manufacturing, its continuing wealth and importance shown by the construction of Wentworth Woodhouse mansion and Boston Castle. In recent decades the decline of these industries has seen Rotherham attract new industries although the town was badly affected by flooding in 2007.In A-Z of Rotherham local author James Barker reveals the history behind Rotherham, its streets and buildings, industries and the people connected with the town. Alongside the famous historical associations, he includes some unusual characters, tucked away places and unique events that are less well-known. Readers will discover tales of famous residents such as the Chuckle Brothers and Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers, its twinned towns such as Saint-Quentin in France, the Roman Fort at Templeborough, the granting of the freedom of the borough to the Yorkshire Regiment among many other fascinating facts in this A-Z tour of Rotherham’s history. It is fully illustrated with photography and will appeal to all those with an interest in this historic Yorkshire town.
Brewing in Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire’s rich history of brewing is perhaps no surprise as it has long produced huge quantities of barley, a key ingredient in beer. Many of the breweries and the families who ran them have intriguing backgrounds, including deceit, tragedy and misfortune – but there’s also inspiration, humour and good luck, as well as some great beer along the way. The county’s brewing heritage is also brought right up to date with the inclusion of some new craft breweries. Whether you want to know more about the history of your local pint, delve into the breweries of the past or are curious about ultra-modern microbreweries, there’s something for everyone in this book.Adam Cartwright unravels the stories of eight of Lincolnshire’s brewing firms in this well-researched account featuring over 100 fascinating images.
Quirky Peterborough
Peterborough is a modern city with an ancient past. The settlement grew around the monastery founded by the Anglo-Saxons, which became an important abbey church in Norman England. The Industrial Revolution and the arrival of the railways transformed the market town of Peterborough to an industrial centre and Peterborough was further transformed in the 1960s and 1970s with a massive new building programme. From a past which includes Victorian election riots and a mythical black hell-hound, the modern, diverse city is one of the fastest growing areas of the country with a young population, and its success stories include a local boy who ended up working on the Hadron Collider and a self-made sweet manufacturer.Drawing on archive material as well as their own, extensive, local knowledge June and Vernon Bull present a fresh look at the city of Peterborough - from a slightly different angle – as they delve into lesser known but fascinating tales from the city’s past. Quirky Peterborough celebrates the unusual and often strange history of Peterborough and its characters over the years. This fascinating insight into Peterborough will be of interest to all those who want to know more about the city’s quirky history.
Monumental Times
This book is concerned with the origins, uses and subsequent histories of monuments. It emphasises the time scales illustrated by these structures, and their implications for archaeological research. It is concerned with the archaeology of Western and Northern Europe, with an emphasis on structures in Britain and Ireland, and the period between the Mesolithic and the Viking Age.It begins with two famous groups of monuments and introduces the problem of multiple time scales. It also considers how they influence the display of those sites today – they belong to both the present and the past. Monuments played a role from the moment they were created, but approaches to their archaeology led in opposite directions. They might have been directed to a future that their builders could not control. These structures could be adapted, destroyed, or left to decay once their significance was lost. Another perspective was to claim them as relics of a forgotten past. In that case they had to be reinterpreted.The first part of this book considers the rarity of monumental structures among hunter-gatherers, and the choice of building materials for Neolithic houses and tombs. It emphasises the difference between structures whose erection ended the use of significant places, and those whose histories could extend into the future. It also discusses ‘megalithic astronomy’ and ancient notions of time. Part Two is concerned with the reuse of ancient monuments and asks whether they really were expressions of social memory. Did links with an ‘ancestral past’ have much factual basis? It contrasts developments during the Beaker phase with those of the early medieval period. The development of monumental architecture is compared with the composition of oral literature.
Emlyn Hooson and the Welsh Liberal Party, 1962-1979
This study presents an analysis of the Welsh Liberal Party under the leadership of Emlyn Hooson. It begins with an overview of the period prior to Hooson’s 1962 by-election win in Montgomery, following the death of Clement Davies, and the first section describes Hooson’s leadership of the Liberal Party of Wales, his recognition that the organisation was fundamentally flawed and that it needed to be reorganised. The solution was a root and branch reorganisation and the formation of a new state party, which would be federated to the British Liberal Party but separate in its functions and leadership. The second section details Hooson’s steering of the party through chapters on the organisation, policy formation and the electoral record. The book comprises the first in-depth description of the Welsh Liberal Party during a tumultuous time in Welsh politics; recognising how current Welsh political historiography has sidelined the Welsh Liberals in favour of Plaid Cymru and Labour, it re-evaluates the Liberals’ position during the period and Hooson’s role.
50 Gems of County Durham
Stretching almost forty miles between the rivers Derwent, Tyne and Tees and contained roughly by the Pennines to the west and the North Sea on the east, County Durham has retained a unique sense of identity and independence. For many centuries it was indeed a place apart, a territorial buffer against invading Scots. A sense of belonging and collective pride was born there and continued afterwards in the close-knit communities of the region’s more recent industrial past. Encompassing three great rivers, the Tyne, Wear and Tees, it has a landscape of great contrast and variety, a dramatic coastline, rugged moorland, dales and fells and the historic city of Durham. As well as age old churches and castles, industrial monuments and museums, historic towns and villages, the region boasts world-class art and architecture and has a lively cultural scene. 50 Gems of County Durham explores the many places and their history that make this part of the country so special, including natural features, towns and villages, buildings and places of historical interest. Alongside justly famous attractions, others will be relatively unknown but all have an interesting story to tell.
Illustrated Tales of Hampshire
One of the largest and most populous counties in England, Hampshire has been continuously settled for around 14,000 years. As a result, the area is steeped in history and folklore. Illustrated Tales of Hampshire delves deep into the unsolved mysteries, mythology, strange stories and folklore of this ancient English county. It examines local traditions, folk medicine, and supernatural beings such as the Mermaid of Nately, the Highclere Grampus, as well as the several giants said to have once inhabited the county, and the time Spring Heel Jack terrorised Aldershot. There are unusual stories surrounding local personalities, such as the Nazi saboteur Dorothy O’Grady, the séances of Helen Duncan (the last person to be convicted of witchcraft), Dame Alice Lisle (the last person to be publicly beheaded), and the 1415 Southampton Plot conspirators. Notable tales of haunting and spectral apparitions abound, including the Duc de Stacpoole as Glasshayes House, the phantom monk of Netley Abbey, and the menagerie of ghostly beings at Beaulieu, and legends surround many of the local landscape features, such as the Gospel Oak, Bentworth Thorn and the many prehistoric hill forts, mounds and barrows.These strange and spooky stories are accompanied by illustrations of places featured in the text, both present-day and historical, in this hugely entertaining book.
Adlertag
The title of this book, ''Eagle Days'', relates to the chosen time period of 8 August to 13 August 1940. This period is after the early convoy battles and attacks on coastal targets which dominated July and the first few days of August. On 8 August, another convoy attack was made but with a difference; a single convoy was repeatedly attacked as it sailed westwards down the Channel, a determined effort to destroy this one convoy and shut the Channel. Hitler’s Führer Directive No. 17 of 1 August 1940 had loosened the reins off the Luftwaffe in its attacks against the United Kingdom; Adlertag was to open the great offensive after the warm-up of July.This widespread set of attacks also included for the first time, raids on inland Fighter Command sector stations as targets, which would continue for much of the rest of the month. Having recently overwhelmed Poland, Denmark, Norway, the Low Countries and France, having sent the British Army back across the Channel from Dunkirk, and having beaten all their opposing air forces other than the RAF, the Germans and the Luftwaffe in particular were dangerously over-confident.The strategic vision and the subtle and functional integrated aerial defence system set up under Air Chief Marshal Dowding’s leadership, and tactically mastered by the 11 Group commander, Air Vice Marshal Park, his 10 Group colleague Air Vice Marshal Sir Quintin Brand and their sector commanders, stands in very stark contrast to the bombast of Reichsmarshall Göring of the Luftwaffe. This week also marks a strangely specialised yet intense struggle involving only part of the forces available to a single Fliegerkorps in Kesselring’s Luftflotte 2 (but all his fighters); Sperrle, his Luftflotte 3 counterpart, along the Channel coast, almost immediately wasted his best bombers in his Ju 88 units in the firm belief that a few days of combat would suffice. He was wrong.
Air Power and the Arab World 1909-1955 Volume 12
Volume 12 of the Air Power and the Arab World, 1909-1955 mini-series continues the story of the men and machines of the first half century of military aviation in the Arab world. It focuses upon combat operations during the period of the Palestine War from 1 September to 10 March 1949.By that time, in Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan and newly-independent Syria and Lebanon, major efforts had already been made to strengthen these countries? armed forces. Egypt, Iraq, and Syria launched all-out efforts to bolster their air forces, and threw these into combat. While most subsequent commentators and historians stress they had failed to perform, if appearing at all, closer investigation and the removal many of layers of propaganda that have obscured the realities of this first Arab-Israeli War, show that the Arab air forces performed much better than previously thought.Arguably, available aircraft, armament, spares, and personnel had their limitations and weaknesses, and these had also become apparent as the fighting intensified and losses began to mouth. However, information from both official and unofficial Arab sources - published and unpublished - leaves no doubt about the commitment and courageous efforts of almost everybody involved.Volume 12 of Air Power and the Arab World focusses on day-to-day events in the First Arab-Israeli War, in the air, at sea, and on the ground. It does so in remarkable detail thanks to access to previously unpublished official military documentation, supplemented by translations from publications in Arabic, containing both official and personal accounts by those involved. The most remarkable of these is the Operational Diary of the REAF?s Tactical Air Force based at el-Arish, in north-eastern Sinai.Air Power and the Arab World Volume 12 is illustrated by a rich collection of original period photographs - many of these never published before - and specially commissioned color illustrations.
Lost Dundee
Dundee’s official history as a burgh stretches back more than eight hundred years, though there is much evidence of settlement in the area long before that. The nineteenth century saw its expansion into a large industrial city. This began years of unprecedented change which have seen buildings, industries and ways of life come and go. Dundee suffered more than most cities in the mid-twentieth century drive for modernisation as not only long-established buildings but parts of the ancient street pattern were swept away in large scale demolitions in the 1960s and 1970s. At the same time, the city lost its natural connection with the River Tay as some of its docks were filled in to make way for the landfall of the Tay Road Bridge. More recently the city has sought to reconnect with the river and Dundee continues to evolve, adapting to new changes in lifestyles and ways of working. Lost Dundee presents a portrait of this corner of Scotland over the last century to recent decades that has radically changed or disappeared today, showing not only industries and buildings that have gone but also people and street scenes, many popular places of entertainment and much more. This fascinating photographic history of lost Dundee will appeal to all those who live in the area or know it well, as well as those who remember it from previous decades.
Warrington at War
By 1938 Warrington, like the rest of Britain, was preparing for war with Germany. From 1939 to 1945 every Warrington man, woman and child was affected by the Second World War whilst the wartime years also shaped the 21st century town. Of those called up to serve in the Armed Forces, many were killed, injured or suffered in captivity as Prisoners of War. Civil Defence Forces were formed to protect Warrington people and property from enemy attacks but all lived through the terror of German air raids. Thousands worked in local factories to produce essential goods, campaigns to Make Do and Mend and Dig For Victory exhorted people to support the war effort and all endured rationing and shortages. Wartime Warrington was the site of key installations including Risley Ordnance Factory, Padgate Camp for training RAF recruits and HMS Blackcap, a Royal Navy Air Station. American GIs from Burtonwood USAAF Airbase became a familiar sight about the town and the noise of engines were heard day and night. VE Day and VJ Day Celebrations marked the end of war but the impact on Warrington had been immense, the postwar New Town was partly created from acres of derelict land on the old wartime bases and Risley Ordnance Factory became a focus for Britain’s atomic development in the Cold War.Warrington at War pays tribute to the people of this town who served, died and lived through the Second World War, and how they managed to endure in the face of the horrors of war. It features contemporary archive material from the collections of Warrington Museum, fascinating stories from the town’s official archives as well as personal history collected by public appeals for wartime memories.
The King's Traitor
Reginald Pole lived through the reigns of three Tudor monarchs, yet is little known to most lovers of Tudor history. This book brings to life a man who became a cardinal and almost Pope; who so angered Henry VIII that a price was set on his head and attempts were made to kill him; and who was even once suggested as a prospective husband for Mary Tudor and before holding her hand during her short-lived and ultimately tragic reign. He and Mary, paired in the minds of many during their lives, died on the same day.Who was Pole? Was he a man who lacked conviction in his beliefs, as some say? Was he a heretic as one Pope denounced him? Or was he simply a man who tried to do his best, whatever the cost to both his country and to his family?Set against the background of a tumultuous half-century in England’s history, The King’s Traitor answers these questions and is a must read for those interested in the Tudor period.
Cruelty
In a humane world, cruelty should not exist, and yet it has been a feature of our societies since time immemorial. From individual acts of cruelty to systematic torture and mass murder, cruelty has been humanity’s constant companion, attesting to a darker side of human nature. Cruelty involves the use of violence but it is more than this, since it is organized and calculated; its intention is to inflict pain and suffering on others, even to destroy the other. Cruelty is perhaps the ultimate form of violence in which the extermination of the other is staged as a threat in order to make others compliant or instil in them the fear of death. In this wide-ranging cultural history, Wolfgang Müller-Funk examines the ways in which different thinkers and authors – from Herodotus to Nietzsche, from Seneca to Musil and Koestler – have conceptualized and tried to make sense of a phenomenon we would prefer to ignore. He seeks to unveil the conditions under which an economy of cruelty emerges, in which violence is calculated and becomes a quasi-natural matter of course. The economy of cruelty involves the efficient use of means to pursue irrational goals. It also involves discourses and narrative patterns that legitimize organized violence and neutralize emotions, such as empathy and compassion, that would restrain or obstruct the pursuit of cruelty. This disturbing inquiry into the nature of cruelty and its role in human culture will be of interest to students and scholars throughout the humanities and to a wide general readership.
King's Seat, Dunkeld: Excavations of a Royal Centre of the Southern Picts, 2017-21
It is remarkable, given Dunkeld’s importance in medieval Scotland, that so little was known of King’s Seat fort until the 1950s. While proposed as a royal Pictish ‘nuclear’ fort in the 1980s, it was so heavily overgrown as to be effectively lost to archaeology until 2015, when the local history society instigated a programme of community archaeology to explore its story. Led by Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust, working with AOC Archaeology Group, this included excavation that revealed a high-status Pictish fort complex. Like the classic sites Dundurn and Clatchard Craig, it had a high-status summit citadel surrounded by a hierarchy of connected out-works on lower terraces. LiDAR data revealed a previously unknown south enclosure, more than doubling its total footprint and raising questions about the role of such sites and the nature of Pictish settlement. Controlling important routes from the north and west into the lower Tay region, King’s Seat was a Pictish ‘royal’ stronghold, estate, and production centre which was to attract an important early monastic foundation. While relatively short-lived, it produced evidence of elite metalworking and trade and was the venue for feasting that saw the consumption of exotic luxuries such as Continental imports and glass vessels from Anglo-Saxon England. It was abandoned, rather than destroyed, perhaps as power passed to a lower site in a new architectural form, associated with the increasing power of the church and as larger polities developed. The relics of Columba were brought to Dunkeld in the 9th century, probably as much a result of tensions between Pictish royalty and the Gaelic church as the threat of Viking raids, before its ecclesiastical importance was eclipsed by St Andrews. Dunkeld takes its name from the Gaelic dun Cailleann or ‘fort of the Caledonians’ which undoubtedly refers to King’s Seat fort. It is apt that retention of this pre-Pictish name celebrates the link between later prehistory and medieval Scotland that is so well represented by the site itself.
The English House
This is the story of the superbly elegant early eighteenth-century Pallant House in Chichester. It’s the story of 19 Princelet Street in Spitafields, built for a Huguenot silk-weaver, ultimately a synagogue. It’s also the story of – among others – a row of two-up, two-downs in Toxteth, a block of flats in London’s East End, and what Ideal Home’s magazine described in 1926 as Britain’s ‘first modern house’ – in Northampton. Together these buildings reveal the ways in which English homes have developed and changed over the past few centuries. At the same time, as Dan Cruickshank shows, they have much to tell us about the lives of their first occupants: their aspirations, their struggles, their place within society and relationship with their local community. The English House brilliantly weaves these two strands together, blending architectural and social history to create a series of brilliantly observed portraits of fascinating buildings.
The Maya
The Maya forged one of the greatest societies in the history of the ancient Americas — and in all of human history. Long before contact with Europeans, Maya communities built spectacular cities with large, well-fed large populations. They mastered the visual arts, and developed a sophisticated writing system that recorded extraordinary knowledge in calendrics, mathematics, and astronomy. The Maya achieved all this without area-wide centralized control. There was never a single, unified Maya state or empire, but always numerous, evolving ethnic groups speaking dozens of distinct Mayan languages. The people we call "Maya" never thought of themselves as such; yet something definable, unique, and endlessly fascinating - what we call Maya culture - has clearly existed for millennia. So what was their self-identity and how did Maya civilization come to be "invented?"With the Maya historically subdivided and misunderstood in so many ways, the pursuit of what made them "the Maya" is all the more important. In this Very Short Introduction, Restall and Solari explore the themes of Maya identity, city-state political culture, art and architecture, the Maya concept of the cosmos, and the Maya experience of contact with — including invasion by — outsiders. Despite its brevity, this book is unique for its treatment of all periods of Maya civilization, from its origins to the present.
Waging Peace
Waging Peace dispels lingering myths of the frequently disregarded Vietnam antiwar movement as dominated by a subversive collection of political radicals and countercultural rebels. This comprehensive history defines a broad movement built around a core of liberal and mainstream activists who challenged what they saw as a misguided and immoral national policy. Facing ongoing resistance from the government and its prowar supporters, demonstrators upheld First Amendment rights and effectively countered official rationales for the war. These dissenting patriots frequently appealed to traditional American principles and overwhelmingly used the tools of democracy within conventional boundaries to align the nation's practice with its most righteous vision. This work covers not only the activists and organizations whose coalitions sponsored mass demonstrations and their often-symbiotic allies within the government, but also encompasses international, military, and cultural dissent. Achieving positive if limited impact, the movement was ultimately neither victorious nor defeated.
From Colony to Superpower
A finalist for the 2008 National Book Critics Circle Award for Nonfiction, this prize-winning and critically acclaimed history uses foreign relations as the lens through which to tell the story of America''s dramatic rise from thirteen disparate colonies huddled along the Atlantic coast to the world''s greatest superpower. George C. Herring tells a story of stunning successes and sometimes tragic failures, captured in a fast-paced narrative that illuminates the central importance of foreign relations to the existence and survival of the nation, and highlights its ongoing impact on the lives of ordinary citizens. He shows how policymakers defined American interests broadly to include territorial expansion, access to growing markets, and the spread of an "American way" of life. And Herring does all this in a story rich in human drama and filled with epic events. Statesmen such as Benjamin Franklin and Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman and Dean Acheson played key roles in America''s rise to world power. But America''s expansion as a nation also owes much to the adventurers and explorers, the sea captains, merchants and captains of industry, the missionaries and diplomats, who discovered or charted new lands, developed new avenues of commerce, and established and defended the nation''s interests in foreign lands. From Colony to Superpower captures all this as it tells the dramatic story of America''s emergence as superpower--its birth in revolution, its troubled present, and its uncertain future.
Le marteau sonnait sur l’enclume
L’objectif de ce travail de recherche était d’appréhender l’outillage en pierre lié a la déformation plastique des métaux, ce que l’on appelle communément les marteaux et les enclumes.Pour ces outils, encore largement méconnus, il n’existait aucun inventaire en France en 2008, et seulement quatre outils reconnus comme tel apparaissaient dans la bibliographie française. Partant des quelques exemplaires connus, un important travail d’investigation au sein des collections de musées publics ou privées principalement de la façade atlantique, dans un premier temps, a conduit a l’identification de plus d’une centaine d’outils pour la plupart inédits. Ce travail s’est ensuite poursuivi dans quelques musées de l’Est et du Sud de la France, mais les outils y semblent plus rares et difficile a localiser au sein de collections parfois anciennes. Les objectifs de cette recherche se sont concentrés sur trois aspects : appréhender la fonction de ces outils, les replacer au sein des chaînes opératoires du métal et appréhender leurs liens avec l’outillage métallique. Dans cette optique, une typologie fonctionnelle de ces outils lithiques a été réalisée en s’appuyant sur la typologie de leurs homologues métalliques afin de permettre une meilleure comparaison des performances de l’une et l’autre série d’outils dédiées au travail des métaux. La publication de ce travail présentera un inventaire le plus complet possible des outils en pierre de la façade atlantique de l’Europe.
V kategórii populárno - náučné encyklopédie nájdete široký výber kníh, ktoré vám poskytnú poznatky z rôznych oblastí zaujímavým a zrozumiteľným spôsobom. Encyklopédie vám pomôžu získať komplexný prehľad o rôznych témach, ako ľudské telo a človek, príroda, vesmír, veda a technika a história.
Naša ponuka encyklopédií populárno-náučného charakteru vám umožní objaviť fascinujúci svet poznania a rozšíriť svoje vedomosti o rôznych témach.
