Najnovšie - Encyklopédie populárno-náučné - História strana 70 z 161
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Royal Observatory Greenwich
When King Charles II signed the royal warrant that led tothe founding of the Royal Observatory in 1675, it was to ensure that Britainwas not left behind other European nations as they pursued global trade andresources. Now, in its 350th year, the 'small observatory within our park atGreenwich' is perhaps the most famous such institution in the world, home tothe historic Prime Meridian of the World, 0 Degrees longitude, and an essentialreference on our clocks, watches, maps and globes. The 100 objects contained within the pages of this bookhighlight the many people, ideas and technologies that contributed to'perfecting the art of navigation' and mapping the stars. They include some ofthe most famous objects in the Royal Observatory's collection, like JohnHarrison's pioneering timekeepers, the Great Equatorial Telescope and theShepherd Motor Clock, along with lesser-known items that document how our ideasabout time and space have changed over the centuries. Instruments, photographs, plans and archival documents tellthe story of the Royal Observatory from its early days as Britain's firststate-funded purpose-built scientific institution, through periods of rapidscientific and social change, all the way to its twilight years at theforefront of astronomical research in the first few decades of the twentiethcentury. Today, the Observatory is once more a working observing site but alsoa heritage centre and home to London's only planetarium, seeking to inform andinspire with stories of discovery, innovation and wonder.
1976
Searing heat, political turmoil, revolution in popular culture: relive the scorching year of 1976 in all its glory.On the political scene, Harold Wilson abruptly resigned as prime minister; Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe resigned in advance of his arrest and sensational Old Bailey trial for conspiracy and incitement to murder; and the Tories elected ''Milk Snatcher'' Margaret Thatcher as their party leader. The IRA’s long-running demands for the reunification of Ireland exploded into a campaign of wholesale terrorism on the British mainland.Meanwhile, the Black Panther was finally arrested and brought to justice, and the curious case of John Stonehouse, the UK’s last Postmaster General, came to its climax.Throw in the fact that Southampton defied 500:1 odds to win the FA Cup, and the irresistible rise of punk rock, triggered by the iconic moment when the Sex Pistols were let loose on an unsuspecting teatime-television audience, and 1976 proves itself a truly pendulum year that divides the old from the new - recaptured here in fully living, human detail.Inside 1976: Season-by-season account of the events of this bumper year Stories from across the UK, USA, Europe and the Soviet Union Political rivalries in a Cold War era, including the early rise of Margaret Thatcher and the demise of Harold Wilson Celebrities of the era, including David Bowie, Sid James and the Sex Pistols, ABBA and the Bee Gees Massive breakthroughs in criminal justice, such as the arrest of the Black Panther, and the conclusion of the case of postmaster general John Stonehouse Leaving no stone unturned and no story untold, 1976 is a book of pure nostalgia for those who lived through it, and an eyeopening experience for those who didn''t: a page turner right to the end.
The Surgeon, The Midwife, The Quack
Discover the remarkable birth of modern medicine. When we imagine Renaissance medicine, the cliché is dreadful – unsterile instruments, a total lack of anaesthetics and shocking levels of infant and maternal mortality. And that’s before you get into astrology, bloodletting and a litany of bizarre ‘treatments’, more likely to kill than cure… As ever, the true picture is somewhat different. Here, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, modern medicine began to take shape. Medical education was being formalised for the first time. Through dissections and hands-on experience in war, surgeons were documenting the intricacies of the human body and distributing their work across the continent. And, as European powers expanded their reach into the New World, new medicines and treatments were being discovered and cultivated. Historian Alanna Skuse ventures into the bustling medical marketplace of Renaissance England – a world of travelling surgeons, prosthetics’ craftsmen, faith healers and, of course, snake oil salesmen. There’s the domestic healer, her kitchen stocked with all manner of herbs, tonics and elixirs, ready to dole out to ailing neighbours; the expert midwife, called upon when the physician and surgeon failed; the trusted apothecary, shop stocked with remedies for every ailment and ingredients from each corner of the globe. Humane and entrancing, The Surgeon, The Midwife, The Quack reveals the miraculous birth of modern medicine.
Exposed
Exposed tells the story of the orchestrated mass violence of 1965–1968 in Indonesia and its aftermath. By highlighting visual imagery, Geoffrey Robinson and Douglas Kammen fill a void in existing accounts, challenge distorted official narratives, and establish a basis on which new social memories and interpretations might be formed. Following an alleged coup attempt on October 1, 1965, at least half a million members of the legal Communist Party of Indonesia and other leftist organizations were killed and another million or so were detained and held for long periods without charge or trial. The consequences of these events were far-reaching and marked a crucial turning point in the Cold War. In less than a year, the largest non-governing Communist party in the world was crushed, and the country's popular left-nationalist President Sukarno was swept aside, signaling the start of more than three decades of military-backed authoritarian rule. Exposed is the first-ever visual history of these important, but long-obscured, events.
Working Horses in London
For centuries, London and its citizens relied on horses, donkeys, and mules to provide the necessities and luxuries of life. There was scarcely an event or activity in England’s capital that did not in some way require equine support. A twelfth-century description of London’s most famous horse fair, Smithfield, shows the importance of the pack horses, swift palfreys, powerful war horses and draught mares and their foals to the economy and social life of the city. Horses were still on sale at Southall Market in the early years of the twenty-first century. In Chaucer’s day, pack horses, as well as mounted knights, squires and merchants clattered over London Bridge on their way to and from far-off places. In Tudor and Stuart times, horses displayed the power and authority of monarchs, mayors, and senior clergy. In the eighteenth century, the Macaronis mounted on pretty ponies showed off in London’s parks. Meanwhile, malt, dray, and draught horses continued to serve all classes of society. There were so many hard-working equines that people scarcely noticed their existence. Nineteenth-century London was still a city of the horse, despite the arrival of steam power. Horse-drawn coaches continued to pour into London inns until the 1840s and at the end of the century horse-drawn omnibuses, cabs, and trams were as necessary to London’s workers and commuters as the railways. Even today, horses can still be found working on London’s streets and in its parks. This is their story.
50 Gems of Bannau Brycheiniog (Brecon Beacons)
The National Park Bannau Brycheiniog, formerly known as the Brecon Beacons, founded in 1957 is a hugely popular area of South Wales. Not only does it cover mountainside and moorland, forestry and farmland, but it also includes a number of historic settlements in and around its border, including Brecon, Hay-on-Wye and Abergavenny. Visitors come for its landscape, flora and fauna, outdoor activities and attractive towns and villages. Alongside the well-known areas are many tucked away and little known places in the park and the history of the area also has its own special folk tales.50 Gems of Bannau Brycheiniog (The Brecon Beacons) explores the many places and their history that make this unique area so special, including natural features, towns and villages, buildings and places of historical interest. Alongside justly famous attractions, others will be relatively unknown but all have an interesting story to tell.
The Sewards of New York
The Sewards of New York shines a light on one of the most important and fascinating political families of the nineteenth century. Through recently discovered family correspondence, Thomas P. Slaughter unveils the inner lives of the Seward family, tracing their joys and sorrows as the nation grappled with rapid expansion and deepening divisions on its path to the Civil War. William Henry Seward, the family's most prominent member, was a state senator, governor, US senator, and secretary of state. Henry, as his family knew him, was often absent from their Auburn, NY, home, in Albany or Washington, DC, and so remained connected to the family through the long letters numbering in the thousands that they exchanged. These writings reveal Henry as a son, brother, husband, and father, as much as they show him as a politician and statesman. But it is his wife, Frances, who is the hub around which this family story revolves. Slaughter explores the extended Auburn family during a half century of profound change in American homes, marriage, and childrearing. With an eye for the provocative and revealing, Slaughter takes us behind the curtain of the early Victorian era's private sphere. He, and the Sewards in their own words, portray life as it was lived by the influential and powerful, but also by many who lived more private lives that are now lost to us. The Sewards of New York paints a rich portrait of an extraordinary family that played a key role in nineteenth-century New York and national politics.
Entangled Alliances
Entangled Alliances is a reinterpretation of the American Revolution through analysis of diplomacy in the emerging United States during decades of hemispheric transformation. Ronald Angelo Johnson brings to light the fascinating story of American patriots and rebels from Saint-Domingue (later Haiti) allying against European tyranny. The American Revolution occurred between two of the greatest achievements in diplomacy of the eighteenth century: the peace treaties at Paris in 1763 and 1783. In Entangled Alliances, Johnson draws on original multilingual sources to offer readers fresh, lively stories in a timely study. While modern understandings of freedom are often linked to the US Declaration of Independence, Johnson argues that the desire of Black Atlantic inhabitants for liberty and their will to resist slavery predated the fateful standoff between minutemen and redcoats at Lexington and Concord. Entangled Alliances is a US history of the American Revolution, fusing the search for freedom by Black and white founders in the United States and Saint-Domingue into a coherent story of collective resistance during the most explosive twenty-year period of the eighteenth century.
We Paved the Way
In the spring of 1969, hundreds of workers, all Black and mostly female, went on strike at Medical College Hospital and Charleston County Hospital to protest racial discrimination, low wages, and the marginalization of their dignity. The movement began with an incident of wrongful termination in 1967 involving five Black women at Medical College Hospital that uncovered the pervasiveness of racial and economic discrimination at both hospitals. The termination sparked outrage among other hospital workers who, with support from local community leaders, organized a movement that galvanized the city, state, and nation. We Paved the Way: Black Women and the Charleston Hospital Workers’ Campaign explores this campaign in the context of a broader protest tradition, revealing it to be a full-scale movement that demonstrates the power and complexity of Black women’s activism in the mid-twentieth century. O. Jennifer Dixon-McKnight argues that the experiences of the women at the center of this conflict offer a window into the plight of Southern Black working-class women and the ways in which they fought for equality, access, and well-being. Though much of what has been written about the hospital workers’ campaign focuses on the strike through an institutional lens, Dixon-McKnight uses extensive interviews and oral history to expand the scope of existing scholarship. Local leaders such as Septima Clark, Esau Jenkins, William Saunders, and Isaiah Bennett served as bridge builders for the Black community’s involvement in protest, which helped shape and nurture the hospital workers’ campaign. By discussing the grassroots organizing that sparked the strike and tracing the aftermath of the conflict, including what workers experienced in their return to work and their relationships with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Local 1199 Hospital and Nursing Home Employees Union, this volume situates the hospital workers’ movement as a critical moment in the nation’s long civil rights history.
Newport Gardner's Anthem
Newport Gardner's Anthem explores the remarkable life of Occramer Marycoo, an enslaved African who went on to become one of early America's most important Black leaders. In the mid-eighteenth century, Marycoo was taken from West Africa to Newport, Rhode Island, where he was forced into racial bondage and given a name that symbolized the power that his new city and new enslaver held over him: Newport Gardner. In this powerful book, Edward E. Andrews pieces together newspaper articles, church records, letters, and Gardner's own writings to tell the story of his life. After acquiring his freedom via a winning lottery ticket in 1791, Gardner became a kind of Founding Father for Newport's free Black community. He established and led several Black benevolent organizations that helped the community navigate the complicated waters of freedom as Rhode Island slowly began the process of emancipation. He became a popular educator to young Black Newporters, and also emerged as a key religious figure, serving as a long-standing pillar of Newport's First Congregational Church and later founding an independent Black church in the 1820s. His final act was leading a group of about three dozen Black New Englanders to Liberia, in hopes that a new start in Africa would be better than the discrimination they faced in America. A richly textured account, Newport Gardner's Anthem tells the story of a forgotten Black leader while exploring the new, but tragically limited, opportunities for formerly enslaved people in the post-Revolutionary world.
Britain's Wilderness Frontier
How and with what prospect of success do empires manage their distant lands? In times of relative calm and security these questions hardly arise: in the early eighteenth-century British governments treated their colonies, and their frontiers, with ‘salutary neglect’.By 1748, matters were dramatically different in North America. Settler intrusion into Native American lands, apparently unfettered by provincial governments and encouraged by speculators, alongside perceived French advances, threatened to engulf the whole region in a disastrous war. Quarrelsome colonies proved unable to co-operate in self-defence, forcing ministers to centralise control of Indian and military policy. This programme, undertaken with inadequate resources and in the face of conflicting priorities, undermined colonial autonomy and provoked resistance and resentment.When London attempted to draw a continuous peacetime boundary between settled areas and Indian lands, the resentment became a major cause of the American Revolution. In Britain’s Wilderness Frontier, historian John Oliphant tells the story of how it all fell apart.
Doomsday Torpedoes
In the aftermath of the Second World War relations between the Soviet Union and their former allies in the West quickly soured and developed into the Cold War. The USSR was at a huge disadvantage at sea and sought to redress this balance through the equipping of many of its warships with nuclear weapons ranging from torpedoes to strategic missiles. Doomsday Torpedoes examines the history of these weapons and their live testing during the Cold War.The US Navy maintained a large fleet of aircraft carriers capable of encircling the Soviet Union and delivering airborne nuclear attack from many different directions. The Soviets were in dire need of finding ways to neutralise this threat, preferably with a single powerful blow: torpedoes with nuclear warheads as well as nuclear-tipped anti-ship missiles offered such a capability. Doomsday Torpedoes describes the development and fielding of such weapons by the Soviets and their navy in detail, along with strategic nuclear weapons launched from the sea, primarily submarine launched ballistic missiles. In addition, the Soviet development of submarines, as the primary launch platforms of naval nuclear weapons is examined.The main focus of Doomsday Torpedoes is the time period from 1952 up until the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963. This book examines the events of that era, including those of the Cuban Missile Crisis in which Soviet submarines came close to firing nuclear-armed torpedoes in a chain of events that came extraordinarily close to initiating the Third World War.
Lost Abergavenny
Over time, towns and cities evolve and adapt to new technologies and trends. Much of the Monmouthshire town of Abergavenny has changed over the years and in Lost Abergavenny we revisit old streets which no longer stand, schools which are now silent, railway tracks which no longer rattle with trains, the military heritage of its castle, barracks and army camp, shops and businesses which once defined the town, sporting clubs and teams who have played their last, and institutions, events, and characters unique to the town. Filled with a treasure trove of pics and charming anecdotes of times gone by, Lost Abergavenny is a timely reminder in pictures and words of how life once was in this Welsh town.Lost Abergavenny presents a portrait of this corner of the Wales over the last century to recent decades that has radically changed or disappeared today, showing not only industries and buildings that have gone but also people and street scenes, many popular places of entertainment and much more. This fascinating photographic history of lost Abergavenny will appeal to all those who live in the area or know it well, as well as those who remember it from previous decades.
Folkestone: A Potted History
Although Folkestone was a small fishing village on the English Channel coast for much of its time, it has witnessed many significant events in Britain’s history. The Roman established trade routes from the settlement to the European continent, radiating throughout Britain. Successfully settled by the Saxons in later centuries, Christianity arrived through St Augustine and defences built against Viking invaders. It later became a limb of the Cinque Ports. William the Conqueror gave the manor to one of his supporters, and Folkestone’s strategic position made it a target of other attempted French invasions and defences were strengthened during the threat of invasion by the Spanish Armada and later Napoleon. The coming of the railways transformed the small town into a fashionable resort, but it remained on the front line in the First and Second World Wars. Although the importance of Folkestone’s harbour diminished after the building of the Channel Tunnel, the town is once again enjoying a resurgence in popularity.Illustrated throughout, this accessible historical portrait of the transformation that Folkestone has undergone through the ages will be of great interest to residents, visitors and all those with links to the town.
Belvoir
Belvoir: An Archaeology of Maryland Slavery offers a fascinating account of the Belvoir Quarter for enslaved workers at Belvoir, a 1730's Maryland manor and plantation owned by descendants of Francis Scott Key. Julie M. Schablitsky excavated the brick and stone Belvoir Quarter and found architectural features with layers of artifacts spanning more than eighty years of habitation. Belvoir takes the discovery of the quarter along with its material culture, such as sherds, buttons, tobacco pipe stems, food remains, and spiritual items, and discusses the finds in the context of other similar sites of enslavement.
Empires of Spymasters
‘The Empire is the Master [in the Far East] and they are the guests,’ Yamagata Aritomo, the chief imperial strategist in Tokyo, once remarked.From the early 1900s, Imperial Japan aimed for hegemony in the Far East. During this time, resourceful and independent-minded Japanese spymasters focused on acquiring intelligence of advanced naval and aviation technology.In London, the War Office and the Foreign Office opted for an alliance treaty with Japan. Nonetheless strategists soon realised that Tokyo was antagonizing Britain in the Far East. The British Empire was deemed weak and overextended. Officials believed that avoiding confrontation with Japan was the only choice, and so Britain condoned Japanese aggression in China. Indeed, pro-Japanese bias influenced official policy at the highest levels.Only the spymasters of the Secret Intelligence Service, the Admiralty and the Security Service, recruiting spies across the Far East, were able to reveal Japan’s hostile intent towards the British Empire. In Empires of Spymasters, Panagiotis Dimitrakis tells us how they did it.
Known Unto God
Why were there so many missing in the First World War? And what happened during the Second World War and in the other wars of the twentieth century? Both world wars produced casualties on an unprecedented scale. The missing were the victims of increasingly mechanised warfare. One minute they were there, the next they had vanished, vaporised by a shell.Known Unto God describes the exhaustive hunt for missing servicemen. It looks at how individual families reacted to the shocking news that their husband, son or brother was missing and how many mothers and wives could never accept the loss of their loved ones.This book reveals the bureaucratic process behind the hunt for the missing and demonstrates how vital information gathered from the Red Cross and other sources was carefully pieced together to discover the fate of these men.Simon Fowler considers the way we memorialise the missing through the Cenotaph, the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, the Menin Gate, Thiepval and many other monuments to the missing across the world.
Churches of Somerset
Somerset is renowned for its churches, many built on the wealth of the wool industry in this area in the Middle Ages. Bath, Glastonbury and Wells were powerful ecclesiastical centres in this period, but there are many fascinating and beautiful churches to be found throughout the county’s towns and villages, whether small and humble, grand or unusual. The churches are to be found in a wide variety of landscapes, from the Mendip and Quantock hills, Exmoor, the Bristol Channel coastline and the edge of Bristol, to the flat marshy areas of the Levels and agricultural river valleys. The distinctive Somerset church towers can be seen throughout the county and often a wealth of mediaeval carving welcomes the visitor. Later buildings from the Georgian and Victorian era show the changing identity of areas where industry developed and population grew into today’s many faces of Somerset.In Churches of Somerset, author Phil Draper explores a cross-section of historical churches throughout the county, both the well known and those waiting to be discovered by a wider audience. This fascinating picture of an important part of the history of Somerset over the centuries will be of interest to all those who live in or are visiting this splendid county in England.
The Archaeology of Industrial Cheshire in 20 Digs
Cheshire contains some of the earliest inland saltworks, industrial canals, and purpose-built mechanised textile mills in Britain. The region’s industrial story covers 2,000 years from the Romans to the Victorians and beyond. Drawing upon archaeological excavations over the last fifty years, this book looks at the physical remains of Cheshire’s chief industries, salt, textiles, metal working, and transport, from its Roman beginnings to the area’s role as the centre of Britain’s silk industry in the nineteenth century. Michael Nevell describes the excavation of Cheshire’s internationally important industrial archaeology sites showing how this archaeological work has helped the study of not only the salt industries of Nantwich, Middlewich, and Northwich, but Chester’s role as a port, especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the Bridgewater Canal, the first long-distance industrial canal, and its port at Runcorn. The area’s largest industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, silk and cotton spinning, developed in eastern Cheshire and this area became Britain’s silk-manufacturing centre. The excavation of these textile mills, salt works, and transport networks reveals the impact of industrialisation on the landscape and people of the area, and Cheshire’s important role in the Industrial Revolution.
Pridajte sa k nám na ceste časom s našou komplexnou kolekciou encyklopédií zaoberajúcich sa históriou. Táto kategória obsahuje všetko od praveku až po súčasnosť. Študujte historické udalosti, významné osobnosti, dôležité civilizácie a momenty, ktoré formovali svet, v ktorom žijeme dnes. Ideálne pre študentov, učiteľov, ako aj pre všeobecných historických nadšencov, naše encyklopédie sú zdrojom nevyčerpaných informácií a zábavného poznávania.
Mnohé encyklopédie sú bohato ilustrované, čo umožňuje čitateľom lepšie vizualizovať a porozumieť historickým udalostiam a obdobiam.
