Najnovšie - Encyklopédie populárno-náučné strana 119 z 148
História 
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Vesmír, veda a technika 
Ľudské telo, človek 
Encyklopédie - ostatné
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Why Vietnam
The reasons behind the USA''s involvement in Vietnam remain a subject of extensive debate. Initially, America supported the French until their defeat at Dien Bien Phu, which then shifted to backing the South Vietnamese government due to fears of communism spreading throughout Southeast Asia.Why Vietnam delves into the myriad reasons for US involvement, examining theories that date back to 1918 when Woodrow Wilson ignored Ho Chi Minh''s plea for independence at the Treaty of Versailles, through to Johnson''s full commitment to the undeclared war, which restrained the military to a defensive role in protecting South Vietnam instead of an offensive one that would send troops across the DMZ into Laos and Cambodia.The questions of why the USA became involved, whether their involvement was justified, and if the war was ever winnable have been fiercely debated for over 50 years. This book seeks to address these ''whys'' by providing a thorough examination of all contributing factors, from presidential actions to foreign policy, and the social and political climates of the war era.
German Troops in the American Revolution (2)
Fully illustrated, this is the second volume in a detailed study of the German auxiliary troops who fought for Britain in the American Revolutionary War. During the American Revolutionary War (1775–83), German auxiliary troops provided a vital element of the British war effort. While the largest body of German troops was from Hessen-Cassel (see the first volume of this study), the British also fielded troops from Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Hessen-Hanau, Waldeck and Pyrmont, Brandenburg Ansbach and Brandenburg-Bayreuth, and Anhalt-Zerbst. This volume also covers the Hanoverian soldiers involved in the sieges of Gibraltar and Menorca.Fighting on a host of battlefields from Saratoga to Yorktown, these hired soldiers provided the Crown Forces with much-needed manpower and contributed crucial combat skills in the form of the Jäger, renowned specialists in open-order warfare. Featuring eight specially commissioned artwork plates and an array of carefully chosen illustrations, many in colour, this lively study examines the organization, uniforms, weapons and equipment of these troops who fought for King George in the New World.
Herder and Enlightenment Politics
Johann Gottfried Herder initiated the modern disciplines of philosophical anthropology and cultural history, including the study of popular culture. He is also remembered as a sharp critic of colonialism and imperialism. But what types of social, economic and political arrangements did Herder envision for modern European societies? Herder and Enlightenment Politics provides a radically new interpretation of Herder''s political thought, situating his ideas in Enlightenment debates on modern patriotism, commerce and peace. By reconstructing Herder''s engagement with Rousseau, Montesquieu, Abbt, Ferguson, Möser, Kant and many other contemporary authors, Eva Piirimäe shows that Herder was deeply interested in the potential for cultural, moral and political reform in Russia, Germany and Europe. Herder probed the foundations of modern liberty, community and peace, developing a distinctive understanding of human self-determination, natural sociability and modern patriotism as well as advocating a vision of Europe as a commercially and culturally interconnected community of peoples.
Mukden 1905
A compelling narrative of the largest land battle of its time, and the decisive engagement of the Russo-Japanese War.Mukden stands out as the most significant battle of the Russo-Japanese War. By February 1905, the conflict had reached its culmination, as Port Arthur had fallen to the Japanese after an epic six-month siege. Now free to mass all his field armies, Japanese commander Marshal Oyama shifted his focus to the Russian forces assembled around the city of Mukden. The Russians, led by General Kuropatkin and numbering over 300,000 men, had finally achieved sufficient strength to conduct their own offensive. A Russian victory would be vital to save both deteriorating morale in the army, as well as to reassure the home front. This fascinating work documents the decisive set-piece battle between the opposing sides on the plains and hills of Manchuria. Maps, diagrams, battlescene artwork and period photos bring to life the brutal clash, the largest battle in history up to that point. Exploring the unabated fighting across a 90-mile-long front in the depths of winter, John Valitutto considers the effectiveness of each armies'' manoeuvres, the trench warfare that prefigured World War I, and the influence of machine guns and massed heavy artillery on the battle’s outcome. Mukden made it clear to all that the conduct of war was changing, with new technologies and tactics demonstrating their terrible potential to the world.
Crescent Dawn
A groundbreaking history of the wars of the Ottoman Expansion, a truly global conflagration that crisscrossed three continents and ultimately defined the borders and future of modern Europe.The determined attempt to thwart Ottoman dominance was fought across five theaters from the Balkans to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, from Persia to Russia. This intercontinental melee is expertly re-told in this fascinating new history by historian Si Sheppard.But this is not the story of a clash of civilizations between East and West as you might assume. Europe was not united against the Turks; the scandal of the age was the alliance between King Francis I of France and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Meanwhile, the resistance of the Saadi dynasty of Morocco to Ottoman encroachment played a critical role in denying Constantinople direct access to the Atlantic Ocean. By the same token, though religious imperatives were critical to the motivations of all the key actors involved, these in no way fell neatly along the Christian Muslim divide. Crescent Dawn expertly shows how the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V desired nothing more than to eradicate the Protestant heresy metastasizing throughout his domains, but the threat of Turkish invasion forced him to stay his hand and indulge his Lutheran subjects to ensure a common defense. Nevertheless, the collective effort to constrain the expansion of the Ottoman superpower did succeed with the ultimate victory in 1571 the tipping point in reordering the trajectory of history.Crescent Dawn features some of the legendary figures of the era – from Mehmet the Conqueror, and Suleiman the Magnificent on the Ottoman side, to Charles V and Vasco de Gama on the other – and some of the most exotic locales on Earth – from the sumptuous palaces of Constantinople to the bloody battlefields of the Balkans to the awe-inspiring mountains of Ethiopia. This is a colorful history that brings the great battles of the age to life and clearly shows how the western struggle against the Ottomans constituted the first truly world war.
USN PT Boat vs IJN Destroyer
This fully illustrated book assesses the trial of strength between US Navy PT boats and Japanese destroyers operating in the Solomon Islands during 1942–43.During the Solomons fighting, the IJN was forced to rely on destroyers to move men and materiel to its forward garrisons. Conducted at night to avoid American air power, these missions, first seen during the struggle for Guadalcanal, were dubbed the Tokyo Express. Unable to derail the Tokyo Express by using its destroyers, the USN deployed PT boats off Guadalcanal from October 1942; sinking one destroyer and damaging another.As the fighting moved into the Central Solomons, the USN attempted to disrupt the build-up of Japanese forces on New Georgia Island and other Japanese strongholds by using cruisers and destroyers, but this approach resulted in heavy losses. PT boat operations were increasingly important after the Japanese turned to barges to move troops and supplies.Full-colour artwork and mapping and carefully chosen archive photographs complement vivid battle narratives and shrewd analysis in this lively account of the ships and men fighting on both sides in the crucial Solomon Islands campaign at the height of World War II. Renowned authority Mark Stille explores the background to this epic clash of arms, charts its course during 1942–43, and offers insights into the performance of both sides in this pivotal campaign of World War II in the Pacific.
Hurtgen Forest 1944 (1)
The first part of a detailed study of one of the longest, and most brutal, tactical operations of World War II. In September 1944, the Allied High Command continued to press eastwards towards the Rhine, the thrust being spearheaded by Courtney Hodges'' US First Army, whose proposed line of advance was through a wooded area south of Aachen, known locally as the Hürtgenwald – or Hürtgen Forest. On the opposing side, the German forces under the overall command of Walter Model would do all they could to defend the Reich, but also maintain a staging post for the forthcoming Battle of the Bulge. Fought in brutal terrain – heavily wooded, riven with razor sharp ridgelines and precipitous cliffs, and with a woefully inadequate road network – and in all elements, the Battle of Hürtgen Forest was a grinding and protracted encounter where gains were measured in feet and yards and not miles. This study explores the first phase of this bloody battle, including the ‘Aachen Question’ facing the Allies. Featuring stunning artwork, detailed maps and diagrams, and period images, this book provides a gripping narrative of the infamous clash in the Hürtgen Forest, concluding with an assessment of the situation in November 1944, and the preparations for the next phase of operations.
Royal Heirs
Against the odds, monarchies flourished in nineteenth-century Europe. In an era marked by dramatic change and revolutionary upheaval, Europe''s monarchies experienced an unexpected late flowering. Royal Heirs focuses on the roles and personalities of the heirs to the throne from more than a dozen different dynasties that ruled the continent between the French Revolution and the end of the First World War. The book explores how these individuals contributed to the remarkable survival of the crowns they were born to wear. Constitutions, family relationships, education, politics, the media, the need to generate ''soft power'' and the militarisation of monarchy all shaped the lives of princes and princesses while they were playing their part to embody and secure the future of monarchy. Ranging from Norway to Spain and from Greece to Britain, Royal Heirs not only paints a vivid picture of a monarchical age, but also explores how such disparate monarchies succeeded in adapting to change and defending their position.
Lordship, State Formation and Local Authority in Late Medieval and Early Modern England
Providing a new narrative of how local authority and social structures adapted in response to the decline of lordship and the process of state formation, Spike Gibbs uses manorial officeholding ? where officials were chosen from among tenants to help run the lord''s manorial estate ? as a prism through which to examine political and social change in the late medieval and early modern English village. Drawing on micro-studies of previously untapped archival records, the book spans the medieval/early modern divide to examine changes between 1300 and 1650. In doing so, Gibbs demonstrates the vitality of manorial structures across the medieval and early modern era, the active and willing participation of tenants in these frameworks, and the way this created inequalities within communities. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available Open Access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
Threads of Empire
A spellbinding look at the history of the world through the stories of twelve carpetsBeautiful, sensuous, and enigmatic, great carpets follow power. Emperors, shahs, sultans and samurai crave them as symbols of earthly domination. Shamans and priests desire them to evoke the spiritual realm. The world''s 1% hunger after them as displays of extreme status. And yet these seductive objects are made by poor and illiterate weavers, using the most basic materials and crafts; hedgerow plants for dyes, fibres from domestic animals, and the millennia-old skills of interweaving warps, wefts and knots.In Threads of Empire, Dorothy Armstrong tells the histories of some of the world''s most fascinating carpets, exploring how these textiles came into being then were transformed as they moved across geography and time in the slipstream of the great. She shows why the world''s powerful were drawn to them, but also asks what was happening in the weavers'' lives, and how they were affected by events in the world outside their tent, village or workshop. In its wide-ranging examination of these dazzling objects, from the 5th century BCE contents of the tombs of Scythian chieftains, to the carpets under the boots of Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill at the 1945 Yalta Peace Conference, Threads of Empire uncovers a new, hitherto hidden past right beneath our feet.
Second Arakan 1943–44
A detailed examination of one of the crucial campaigns of World War II in Burma, in which British and Commonwealth forces achieved their first decisive victory over Japanese arms.The hard-fought Second Arakan campaign was a second attempt by Allied arms to advance in the coastal Arakan region in western Burma, following a failed first effort in early 1943. The battles fought shattered the myth of Japanese invincibility that had for over two years crippled the Allied cause, and for the first time offered the prospect of successful offensive operations against the Japanese in Burma.Military historian Tim Moreman examines the wide range of actions that made up the Second Arakan campaign, from XV Indian Corps’ initial push down the Burmese coast towards Akyab Island, to the key events of the major Japanese Ha-Go operation launched by Twenty-Eighth Army. These include the Battle of the Admin Box near Sinweyza, where the surrounded 7th Indian Division inflicted a serious defeat on the Japanese 55th Division; the reinforcement of Imphal and Kohima; and the seizure of Razabil, the Tunnels and Point 551 between March and May 1944. Packed with maps, diagrams, battlescene artworks and photographs that guide the reader through this complex campaign in easy to follow detail, this work provides a must-have illustrated companion to this decisive victory for British and Commonwealth arms over the Imperial Japanese Army.
The Battle of Iwo Jima
On 19 February 1945, Operation Detachment began with US marine forces storming Iwo Jima, aiming to capture the island and its airfields. This was the first campaign on Japanese soil and would result in some of the fiercest fighting in the Pacific. A brutal example of war at all costs, the defending garrison fought to almost the last man; it was a fight they couldn’t hope to win against the superior US numbers, but they exacted horrific casualties on the invading forces before their ultimate defeat.In this concise account, Andrew Rawson uses timelines, diary extracts and detailed profiles to explain the lead-up to the campaign, the battle itself and its legacy, while maps and rarely published photographs place you in the centre of the unfolding action. With painful lessons learned, this vital battle of the Pacific theatre would inform US strategies and actions through the rest of the war, and here Rawson shows exactly how and why.
The German Navy 1935–45
An illustrated study of the uniforms and personal equipment worn by the personnel of the Kriegsmarine, the German Navy of the Third Reich, from 1935–45.Founded in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles, the Kriegsmarine was established in 1935 and reached a peak strength of more than 800,000 personnel in 1944. Its original aim of amassing a surface fleet on parity with Great Britain’s Royal Navy shifted with the outbreak of World War II, after which focus moved to submarine warfare, with the Kriegsmarine’s U-boats exacting a heavy toll on Allied shipping across the globe. Meanwhile, several of its formidable capital ships – notably the Graf Spee, Bismarck, Tirpitz, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau – saw widespread action as Nazi Germany strove to defeat the Allies at sea.In this new study, Nigel Thomas examines the evolving organization, uniforms and equipment used by the Kriegsmarine during its ten-year existence, spanning its pre-war beginnings, the invasion of Norway in 1940, and through to the deployment of Kriegsmarine personnel as grounds troops from 1943–45. The different gear worn by its various branches of service is described in detail and illustrated with newly commissioned colour artwork and an array of specially selected photographs.
The Pirate King
The incredible story of the ?Robin Hood of the Seas,? who absconded with millions during the Golden Age of Piracy and who harbored an even greater secret.Henry Avery of Devon pillaged a fortune from a Mughal ship off the coast of India and then vanished into thin air?and into legend. More ballads, plays, biographies and books were written about Avery?s adventures than any other pirate. His contemporaries crowned him "the pirate king" for pulling off the richest heist in pirate history and escaping with his head intact (unlike Blackbeard and his infamous Flying Gang). Avery was now the most wanted criminal on earth. To the authorities, Avery was the enemy of all mankind. To the people he was a hero. Rumors swirled about his disappearance. The only certainty is that Henry Avery became a ghost. What happened to the notorious Avery has been pirate history?s most baffling cold case for centuries. Now, in a remote archive, a coded letter written by "Avery the Pirate" himself, years after he disappeared, reveals a stunning truth. He was a pirate that came in from the cold . . . In The Pirate King, Sean Kingsley and Rex Cowan brilliantly tie Avery to the shadowy lives of two other icons of the early 18th century, including Daniel Defoe, the world-famous novelist and?as few people know?a deep-cover spy with more than a hundred pseudonyms, and Archbishop Thomas Tenison, a Protestant with a hatred of Catholic France. Sean Kingsley and Rex Cowan''s The Pirate King brilliantly reveals the untold epic story of Henry Avery in all it''s colorful glory?his exploits, his survival, his secret double life, and how he inspired the golden age of piracy.
A Mosaic of Recollections
A Mosaic of Recollections is the autobiography of David S. Neal, whose name has become synonymous with the study and illustration of Roman mosaics in Britain. It tells the story of a working-class boy, born into the travails of war-torn London, and his evacuation to South Wales to live with a mining community. The return to London in time to celebrate VE-Day remains a vivid memory. After moving to Hemel Hempstead New Town he became fascinated with the museums at St Albans and spent many hours watching excavations on Roman Verulamium before being invited to help.Studying graphic design at Watford School of Art developed his talents, which he was able to combine with his activities on the excavations as he began to record the mosaic pavements then being exposed. Work as a graphic designer with the Gas Board was not compelling, and he was fortunate to secure employment as an archaeological illustrator with the government’s Ancient Monuments Inspectorate, where he met a wide range of unusual personalities. Tea-breaks were an education, as were lectures he was invited to attend at the Society of Antiquaries of London. Soon Neal became the manager of the archaeological drawing office, responsible for a team of illustrators recording a wide range of artefacts from excavations sponsored by the department. His work became renowned in the profession and, increasingly, he was invited to help on excavations in England and abroad. At the age of 23 he directed his own excavations on the Roman villa in Gadebridge Park, Hemel Hempstead, which led to the publication of a monograph. With his growing interest and expertise, he was frequently invited to record Roman mosaics, often at a moment’s notice, and was able to share the excitement of discovery of many of them. After 15 years he became a full-time archaeologist and excavated a variety of sites of all periods culminating on the extensive excavations of a Roman settlement at Stanwick, Northamptonshire. Early retirement allowed the time to concentrate, with a colleague, on the publication of the corpus of Roman Mosaics of Britain and, later, to record the medieval mosaics at Westminster Abbey and Canterbury.
Bluestockings
A NEW YORKER AND NEW YORK TIMES BOOK OF THE YEAR 'Sophisticated, rich and skilful . . . highlights the extraordinary place these women carved out for themselves against the odds' New Statesman'Remarkable . . . The Bluestockings bust out of the pages with unmistakable glee . . . their complexity and individuality shine through' BBC History'Spirited, lively and scholarly' Literary Review'A story of sisterhood and empowerment' PHILIPPA GREGORYIn Britain in the 1750s, women had no power and no rights - all money and property belonged to their fathers or husbands. A brave group risked everything to think and live as they wished, despite the sneers of contemporaries who argued that books frazzled female brains and damaged their wombs. Meet the Bluestockings: ELIZABETH MONTAGU hosted a series of glittering salons in her London drawing room, where a circle of women and men discussed theatre, philosophy and the classics, competing to outdo each other in wit and brilliance. Discover how she took on Voltaire and won. Whilst nursing twelve children and helping run her bullying husband's brewery, HESTER THRALE took key writers under her wing - Dr Johnson moved into her house for several years. Her vivid diaries offer a powerful chronicle of what happened when she finally decided to follow her heart. Find out how poetess and former milkmaid ANN YEARSLEY fought back when her snobbish patron refused to hand over her earnings because she was working class and thus irresponsible . . . Or how CATHERINE MACAULEY's eight volume history of England caused such a sensation that she became a leading light in the American Revolution - while her unorthodox love-life scandalised her contemporaries . . . In this brilliant book, Susannah Gibson explores the lives and legacies of these and other figures who went on to inspire writers and thinkers from Mary Wollstonecraft to Virginia Woolf and lead the way for feminism. Bluestockings: the unexpected and inspiring stories of the forgotten heroines of Britain's very first women's movement.
Inside the President's Team
An eye-opening and exceptional view of the Ford presidency by one of his closest and most-trusted advisors. Except for his wife Betty, no one was closer to Gerald Ford during his presidency than Bob Barrett. Bob carried the “nuclear football”—the American nuclear codes—and could not let Ford out of his sight. This nerve-wracking job led to a deep friendship with the First Family and gave Bob an unparalleled view of Ford’s historic and unusual presidency. In his memoir, Inside the President’s Team, Bob takes readers into the White House and the Ford home to show the administration and the couple as few others could see them. Bob gives new insights into why Ford decided to pardon Nixon and how he responded to criticism of it; how Ford chose his own vice president (and another for his run in 1976); and what he did with potentially difficult members of the former administration, such as Al Haig and the now-infamous Michael Flynn. Bob provides a front-row view of Ford’s meeting with Leonid Brezhnev in Russia during their famous summit on arms control, and he shows how abandoning our ally South Vietnam put a greater strain on Ford than deciding whether to pardon his predecessor. Bob reveals what happened during the two assassination attempts and reveals the flawed inner workings of the 1976 campaign. Meanwhile, he became so close to the family that he took part in Betty Ford’s intervention and recalls scenes that show Ford to be, as Bob describes him, “the most decent, honorable, trustworthy person I ever met.” Ford''s legacy as a reconciler and a healer of a deeply divided America during a time of strife comes alive in Inside the President''s Team, and it is a celebration of the impact of living a life of service.
Royal Navy Grand Fleet 1914–18
World War I was Britain’s last moment as the world’s naval superpower, and its Grand Fleet was then the most powerful ever seen. Fully illustrated, this explores its fighting power. At the start of World War I, the Royal Navy’s forces were amalgamated into a single entity, the Grand Fleet, and stationed in Scapa Flow, Orkney. The Grand Fleet was the largest amalgamation of modern naval power the world had seen, with over 30 dreadnought battleships or battlecruisers, and a plethora of cruisers and destroyers. In 1917 it was reinforced further by a powerful American squadron. In this book, based on extensive primary source research, naval expert Angus Konstam assesses the Grand Fleet’s ships, technology, organization, command and intelligence, and how it fought. While ship-for-ship its German counterparts were better designed, as a combined fleet Admiral Jellicoe’s armada was unstoppable. It took part in several clashes with its German foe during the war, but it was only at the Battle of Jutland, in 1916, that Jellicoe finally had the chance to destroy the enemy. Although the High Seas Fleet deftly avoided the trap laid for it, the Grand Fleet''s economic blockade then really began to bite, which led to Germany’s surrender in November 1918. Packed with battle diagrams, spectacular artwork, and archive photos, this book is an essential guide to the last time the Royal Navy would be indisputably the world’s most powerful.
Young Elizabeth
<p><b>Elizabeth I is one of England’s most famous monarchs, whose story as the ‘Virgin Queen’ is well known. But queenship was by no means a certain path for Henry VIII’s younger daughter, who spent the majority of her early years as a girl with an uncertain future.</b><br><br>This <b>colourful</b> and <b>immensely detailed</b> biography charts Elizabeth’s turbulent and unstable upbringing, from the Wyatt Rebellion – a plot to topple her half-sister, Mary, from her throne – to the predatory attentions of Sir Thomas Seymour and the heartbreaking rift with her beloved stepmother Katherine Parr. When Elizabeth became queen, she had already endured <b>more tumult than many monarchs experienced in a lifetime</b>, and this <b>truly comprehensive account</b> explores the dangers and tragedies that plagued her early life.<br><br>Bestselling author Nicola Tallis draws on <b>primary sources</b> written by Elizabeth herself and her contemporaries, providing <b>an extensive and thorough study of an exceptionally resilient young girl</b> whose early life would shape the queen she later became. This is a <b>nuanced, authentic and utterly gripping</b> biography that throws new light onto the early life of this <b>iconic monarch</b>. The <b>heart-racing story</b> of Elizabeth’s youth as she steered her way through perilous waters towards England’s throne is one of the most <b>sensational</b> of its time.</p>
V kategórii populárno - náučné encyklopédie nájdete široký výber kníh, ktoré vám poskytnú poznatky z rôznych oblastí zaujímavým a zrozumiteľným spôsobom. Encyklopédie vám pomôžu získať komplexný prehľad o rôznych témach, ako ľudské telo a človek, príroda, vesmír, veda a technika a história.
Naša ponuka encyklopédií populárno-náučného charakteru vám umožní objaviť fascinujúci svet poznania a rozšíriť svoje vedomosti o rôznych témach.
