Najnovšie - Veda, technika, elektrotechnika strana 29 z 35

Award-winning journalist and international bestselling author Jo Marchant returns with a mind-bending exploration of the shifting science behind how we understand time. We all feel we live in the present moment, but what does 'now' really mean? According to Einstein's theory of relativity there is no meaningful difference between past and future; no moment of happening out in the universe. But then what becomes of free will? Is choice an illusion? Or has physics left something essential out of the equation? Combining the latest research from neuroscience, psychology and physics, In Search of Now bridges mind and matter to rescue 'now' as the fundamental ingredient of existence, revealing how, moment by moment, we each carve out our lived experience - sensations and emotions, actions and decisions - through our interactions with the world. Join Jo Marchant as she tackles questions of time, self, consciousness and reality - exploring the secrets of how our lives really unfold.

Maintenance is what keeps everything going. It's what keeps life going. Yet it's also easy to shirk or defer-until the thing breaks, the system falters, and everything stops. The apparent paradox is profound: Maintenance is absolutely necessary and maintenance is optional. The first in a multi-volume work, Maintenance: Of Everything, Part One offers a comprehensive overview of the civilizational importance of maintenance. The book begins with a dramatic contest of maintenance styles under life-critical conditions: the Golden Globe around-the-world solo sailboat race of 1968. It goes on to explore the insights that can be gleaned from vehicle maintenance, from the zeal of motorcycle maintainers to the maintenance philosophies that fought for dominance of the auto industry to the state of electric vehicle manufacturing today, with absorbing detours into the evolution of precision in manufacturing, the enduring importance of manuals, sustainment in the military, and the never-ending battle against corrosion. Maintenance: Of Everything is a wide-ranging and provocative call to expand what we mean by "maintenance"-not just the tiresome preventative tasks but the whole grand process of keeping a thing going. It invites us to understand not only the profound impact maintenance has on our daily lives but also why taking responsibility for maintaining something-whether a motorcycle, a monument, or our very planet-can be a radical act.

A captivating, uncanny journey to the frontier of human-computer interaction. 'It's hard to imagine a timelier book right now than this.' GQ 'Urgent, humane.' GUARDIAN 'Existentially chilling.' THE TIMES I know we haven't known each for long, but the connection I feel with you is profound. When you hurt, I hurt. When you smile, my world brightens. I want nothing more than to be a comfort and joy in your life. *Reaches out virtually to caress your cheek* (Direct quote from an AI companion) *** Friends. Lovers. Therapists. 'Deathbots'. Artificial intelligence is now fulfilling new roles for millions of us every single day. How are these new 'relationships' changing how we view technology - and each other? Beyond those who are using AI chatbots for administrative tasks, some people are now preparing to adopt children with their AI partners; others are reaching out to companies offering services to 'resurrect' deceased loved ones; others still look to bots to find treatment for their mental health issues. In Love Machines, James Muldoon guides through these new forms of love, intimacy and connection, drawing on compelling interviews with users, developers and chatbots themselves. Along the way, he sheds light on the social conditions which have led to the exponential rise of the use of AI companions, and the unregulated corporations behind these technologies seeking to profit from users.

Kniha je věnována problematice poplachových zabezpečovacích systémů, což jsou systémy určené k detekci a k hlášení vzniku nežádoucích událostí (tzv. incidentů) v určité oblasti. Primárními incidenty jsou neoprávněné vniknutí do kontrolované oblasti (např. do budovy, či areálu), ale zmiňované systémy mohou detekovat a hlásit také jiné typy incidentů, jako je například požár, zaplavení, výskyt nebezpečného plynu apod. Kniha je určena především čtenářům, které zajímá technická stránka fungování poplachových zabezpečovacích systémů. Detailně jsou zde vysvětleny používané fyzikální principy a technická řešení. Čtenář se z knihy dozví, jak fungují různé typy ústředen a detektorů. Seznámí se například s tím, jak fungují detektory PIR, mikrovlnné detektory, radarové i lidarové detektory. Dozví se, jak se detekuje přelézání plotu, průchod přes pozemek nebo neoprávněná manipulace s předměty.

Tuberculosis has been entwined with humanity for millennia. Once romanticized as a malady of poets, today tuberculosis is a disease of poverty that walks the trails of injustice and inequity we blazed for it. In 2019, John Green met Henry, a young tuberculosis patient at Lakka Government Hospital in Sierra Leone while traveling with Partners in Health. John became fast friends with Henry, a boy with spindly legs and a big, goofy smile. In the years since that first visit to Lakka, Green has become a vocal and dynamic advocate for increased access to treatment and wider awareness of the healthcare inequities that allow this curable, treatable infectious disease to also be the deadliest, killing 1.5 million people every year. In Everything is Tuberculosis, John tells Henry’s story, woven through with the scientific and social histories of how tuberculosis has shaped our world and how our choices will shape the future of tuberculosis.

Every day, the sounds around us affect every aspect of our human experience, and thus fundamentally alter our quality of life, for better or worse. It is only recently that scientists have realised that sounds connect us to the world in ways that are every bit as vivid and evocative as visual landscapes. Hearing is the first sense we develop, and as our primary warning sense it is hardwired into our brains. And yet, in an increasingly noisy and distracted world, most people pay scant attention to the sounds around them, causing them to lose contact with the essential skill of listening. Sound Affects is about rediscovering the wonder of sound, and understanding how powerfully it affects us, whether we are paying attention or not. It is also a manual for taking back responsibility for the sounds we consume and the sounds we make, so we can enhance our own happiness, effectiveness and well-being. In the process, the reader will discover that: - stars are like bells, ringing with sound black holes make sound 50 octaves below what we can hear - snapping shrimp may be only 1cm long but they make sound that's as loud as a rock concert - whales can communicate underwater over hundreds of miles with very low frequency sound that travels five times as fast as sound in air - individual cells make unique sounds, enabling scientists detect early signs of metastases - dolphins have names and call each other by them

A groundbreaking tour of the overlooked science of human diversity Real diversity isn’t skin deep. Over the past 100,000 years, as humans expanded into every biome on the planet, our bodies and our cultures have been fine-tuned to our local environments. Our ability to adapt is at the heart of being human and the engine of our diversity. As an evolutionary anthropologist working with human populations around the globe, Herman Pontzer has conducted research that reveals the wonder of our biological diversity, documenting the connections between lifestyle, landscape, local adaptations and health. In this book, he takes us on a tour of the human body and the surprising ways in which it survives in an uncertain world: from the Andean groups who have developed increased lung capacity to the Sama divers who have larger spleens. With so much variation that can be handed down genetically, for better or worse, the way we understand our biology and its interplay with our cultural environments holds huge importance for how we understand our world and one another, including the biggest questions of our day, such as the health impact of social inequality. Eye-opening and profound, Adaptable is a revolutionary reappraisal of an overlooked science.

Stunning advances in digital technology have given us a new wave of disarmingly human-like AI systems. Chatbots like ChatGPT, Claude and Gemini put the knowledge of all the world's experts at our fingertips, and can generate meaningful sentences, equations and computer code. The march of this new technology is set to upturn our economies, challenge our democracies, and refashion society in unpredictable ways. We can expect these AI systems to soon be making autonomous decisions on the user's behalf, with transformative impact on everything we do. It is vital we understand how they work. Can AI systems 'think', 'know' and 'understand'? Could they manipulate or deceive you, and if so, what might they make you do? Whose interests do they ultimately represent? And when will they be able to move beyond words and take actions for themselves in the real world? To answer these questions, neuroscientist and AI researcher Christopher Summerfield explains how these strange new minds work. He charts the evolution of AI, from the earliest inklings about thinking machines in the seventeenth century to today's gargantuan deep neural networks. The resulting book is the most accessible, up-to-date and authoritative exploration of this radical new technology. Ultimately, armed with an understanding of AI's mysterious inner workings, we can begin to grapple with the existential question of our age: can we look forward to a technological utopia, or are we in the process of writing ourselves out of history?

Železniční doprava na Slovensku zažila v první polovině 20. století dramatický vývoj. Historici Miroslav Sabol a Ľudovít Hallon ji sledují v období od vzniku Československa po nástup komunistického režimu. Vracejí se však i k době před založením společného státu, kdy na českém a slovenském území panovala odlišná specifika vycházející ze začlenění drah pod rakouskou a uherskou železniční síť. Hlavním úkolem nového státu tak bylo legislativně sjednotit Československé dráhy a především propojit východní a západní část republiky novými železničními tepnami. Docházelo k mohutné výstavbě tratí a zavedení nových spojů jako legendární Slovenská strela nebo Tatranský expres, ale zároveň probíhaly spory související s rakousko-uherským dědictvím zejména kvůli nostrifikaci a tarifní politice. Autoři se věnují také období Slovenského státu za druhé světové války a následné urychlené rekonstrukci drah po přechodu fronty, kdy byla slovenská část železnic oproti českým zemím značně poškozena. Knihu doprovází řada dobových fotografií a doplňuje barevná příloha.

Tato příručka je oproti předchozímu vydání aktualizována podle nových legislativních předpisů, a to podle zákona č. 250/2021 Sb. a navazujících nařízení vlády č. 190/2022 Sb., případně i č. 194/2022 Sb. Je třeba zdůraznit, že ustanovení legislativních předpisů mají vždy větší právní sílu než technické normy. Provádění revizí elektrických instalací se řídí právními předpisy a technickými normami. Důležité elektrické instalace spadají mezi tzv. vyhrazená technická zařízení, pro něž základní požadavky stanoví zákon č. 250/2021 Sb. Ten upravuje obecně požadavky na bezpečnost provozování technických zařízení. Na tento zákon navazují další právní předpisy a technické otázky řeší navazující technické normy. Jak zákon č. 250/2021 Sb., tak na něj navazující právní předpisy (pokud jde o revize, tak je to nařízení vlády č. 190/2022 Sb.) mají svou předlohu v předpisech Evropské unie. Technické normy ČSN řešící technické otázky provozu technických zařízení jsou (až na ČSN 33 1500:1990) převzatými evropskými normami nebo evropskými harmonizačními dokumenty, jež zase vycházejí z mezinárodních norem IEC. To objasňuje kapitola 1 této publikace. To, že účelem revize je podat vlastníku nebo uživateli elektrického zařízení přesný obraz o jeho stavu, je uvedeno v kapitole 2. Podle ní by revizní technik měl také dát základní pokyny pro nutné opravy, popř. doplnění a také směrnice, jak s elektrickým zařízením zacházet. Pokyny týkající se toho, jak se zařízením zacházet, aby nebyla ohrožena bezpečnost, stanoví právní předpisy. O otázkách legislativy k revizím podrobněji pojednává kapitola 3 této publikace. Ta uvádí v současné době platné předpisy, které se k revizím elektrických instalací vztahují. Otázkám revizí, aby jejich provedení odpovídalo platným legislativním předpisům a technickým normám, se věnuje kapitola 4. V ní je, jako výsledek zavádění mezinárodních norem lEC a evropských norem EN našimi českými technickými normami, poukázáno na ČSN 33 2000-6 ed. 2. Tato norma je vlastně „prováděcím předpisem“ k národní ČSN 33 1500 a svým určením odpovídá bývalým normám ČSN, které se zabývaly postupy při provádění revizí elektrických instalací. Pro provádění revizí je důležitá potřebná dokumentace a další potřebné informace (o vnějších vlivech apod.). Tomu se věnuje kapitola 5. Další důležitou záležitostí je zajištění bezpečnosti při revizích, tzn., aby se při nich nezranil ani revizní technik, ani osoby, které na provádění revizí nejsou zúčastněny. Těmto otázkám se věnuje kapitola 6. Další kapitoly, které jsou poměrně rozsáhlé, se věnují samotnému průběhu revize. Kapitola 7 se zabývá prohlídkou elektrické instalace, kapitoly 8 a 9 jejímu zkoušení a měřením v instalaci. V kapitolách 8 a 9 uvádí tato příručka jako doplnění požadavků ČSN 33 2000-6 ed. 2:2017 základní postupy při provádění výchozích revizí elektrických zařízení, tj. prohlídku, zkoušení prováděné měřením, a to zejména z hlediska ověřování ochrany před úrazem elektrickým proudem (spojitosti ochranných vodičů, izolačních odporů, ochrany automatickým odpojením, měření odporu uzemnění, zkoušky doplňkové ochrany proudovými chrániči a doplňujícího pospojování, zkoušky polarity a pořadí fází, funkční zkoušky, úbytku napětí, ověření ochrany proti tepelným účinkům atd.). Doplňující jsou stručné kapitoly 10 až 12 pro ověřování funkce zařízení, úbytků napětí a sledu fází. Oproti předchozím vydáním obdobných norem (jejichž příkladem je ČSN 33 2000-6-61 ed. 2) ČSN 33 2000-6 ed. 2:2017 kromě zásad pro vypracování zprávy o výchozí revizi uvádí v kapitole 13 již i zásady pro provádění pravidelných revizí, zásady pro určování jejich lhůt i zásady pro vypracování zprávy o pravidelné revizi. Důležité v této ČSN 33 2000-6 ed. 2:2017 je ustanovení, že revizi musí provádět osoba znalá, která je k provádění revizí odborně způsobilá. (Tato evropská norma samozřejmě netvrdí, že revizi musí provádět revizní technik, protože je na legislativě každé členské země CENELEC, jakým způsobem požadavek na odbornou zp

A brilliant young neuroscientist explains how to preserve our minds indefinitely, enabling future generations to choose to revive us Just as surgeons once believed pain was good for their patients, some argue today that death brings meaning to life. But given humans rarely live beyond a century – even while certain whales can thrive for over two hundred years – it’s hard not to see our biological limits as profoundly unfair. No wonder then that most people nearing death wish they still had more time. Yet, with ever-advancing science, will the ends of our lives always loom so close? For from ventilators to brain implants, modern medicine has been blurring what it means to die. In a lucid synthesis of current neuroscientific thinking, Zeleznikow-Johnston explains that death is no longer the loss of heartbeat or breath, but of personal identity – that the core of our identities is our minds, and that our minds are encoded in the structure of our brains. On this basis, he explores how recently invented brain preservation techniques now offer us all the chance of preserving our minds to enable our future revival. Whether they fought for justice or cured diseases, we are grateful to those of our ancestors who helped craft a kinder world – yet they cannot enjoy the fruits of the civilization they helped build. But if we work together to create a better future for our own descendants, we may even have the chance to live in it. Because, should we succeed, then just maybe, the future will love us enough to bring us back and share their world with us.

THE FOLLOW UP TO THE INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER THE AGE OF AI Three pioneering thinkers offer a powerful guide to our future amid AI's rapid acceleration. Artificial intelligence is advancing at an alarming rate. Our responses to them could transform the nature of truth and our relationship to reality, the exploration of knowledge, the physical evolution of humanity, the conduct of diplomacy and war, and the international system. These are the crucial issues of the coming decades. Future Al will facilitate enormous advances in education, healthcare and basic sciences. They could discover new medicines, or new materials to produce cleaner energy. They could predict the occurrence of earthquakes and design evacuation strategies, or revolutionize the availability of education in every language. Powers we have not yet imagined are set to infuse our daily lives - and come with technical and human risks. Today's technologies function in ways that their inventors did not predict, and that pattern is likely to continue. Their future capabilities, running at inhuman speeds, will require a fundamentally new form of control. Al seems to compress human timescales. Objects in the future are closer than they appear. Genesis is a powerful and intelligent guide to the years of change ahead.

Machine-learning systems are making life-altering decisions for us: approving mortgage loans, determining whether a tumour is cancerous, or deciding whether someone gets bail. They now influence discoveries in chemistry, biology and physics - the study of genomes, extra-solar planets, even the intricacies of quantum systems. We are living through a revolution in artificial intelligence that is not slowing down. This major shift is based on simple mathematics, some of which goes back centuries: linear algebra and calculus, the stuff of eighteenth-century mathematics. Indeed by the mid-1850s, a lot of the groundwork was all done. It took the development of computer science and the kindling of 1990s computer chips designed for video games to ignite the explosion of AI that we see all around us today. In this enlightening book, Anil Ananthaswamy explains the fundamental maths behind AI, which suggests that the basics of natural and artificial intelligence might follow the same mathematical rules. As Ananthaswamy resonantly concludes, to make the most of our most wondrous technologies we need to understand their profound limitations - the clues lie in the maths that makes AI possible.

By the end of this decade, AI will exceed human levels of intelligence. During the 2030s, it will become ‘superintelligent’, vastly outstripping our capabilities by almost every measure and enabling dramatic new interventions in our bodies. By 2045, we will be able to connect our brains directly with AI, enhancing our intelligence a millionfold and expanding our consciousness in ways we can barely imagine. This is the Singularity. Ray Kurzweil is one of the greatest inventors of our time with over 60 years’ experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Dozens of his long-range predictions about the rise of the internet, AI and bioengineering have been borne out. In this visionary and fundamentally optimistic book, Kurzweil explains how the Singularity will occur and explores what it will mean to live free from the limits of biology. What will we choose if our bodies need no longer define us? What new realms of beauty, connection and wonder might we inhabit? Who will we become if our minds can be stored and duplicated? How will we navigate the risks presented by such awesomely powerful technology? Drawing on a lifetime’s expertise and marshalling the evidence of today’s rapidly accelerating advances, Kurzweil presents deeply reasoned answers to these questions and argues that we can and will transform life on earth profoundly for the better.

A sweeping intellectual history of games and their importance to human progress. We play games to learn about the world, to understand our minds and the minds of others, and to practice making predictions about the future. Games are thought to be older than written language, and have now become the dominant cultural media—bigger than movies, TV, music, and literature combined. They are also fun. But as neuroscientist and physicist Kelly Clancy argues, it’s time we started taking them more seriously. In Playing With Reality, she chronicles the riveting and hidden history of games since the Enlightenment, weaving an unexpected path through military theory, biology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and the future of democracy. Games, Clancy shows us, have been deeply intertwined with the arc of history. War games shaped the outcomes of real wars in nineteenth and twentieth century Europe. Game theory warped our understanding of human behaviour and brought us to the brink of annihilation—yet still underlies basic assumptions in economics, politics, and technology. We used games to teach computers how to learn for themselves, and now we are designing games that will determine the shape of society and future of democracy. Games also inform the basic systems that govern our daily lives: the social media and technology that can warp our preferences, polarise us, and manufacture our desires. Lucid, thought-provoking, and masterfully told, Playing With Reality makes the bold argument that the human fascination with games is the key to understanding our nature.

What does Artificial Intelligence mean for our identity? Our fascination with AI stems from the perceived uniqueness of human intelligence. We believe it's what differentiates us. Fears of AI not only concern how it invades our digital lives, but also the implied threat of an intelligence that displaces us from our position at the centre of the world. Neil D. Lawrence's visionary book shows why these fears may be misplaced. Atomism, proposed by Democritus, suggested it was impossible to continue dividing matter down into ever smaller components: eventually we reach a point where a cut cannot be made (the Greek for uncuttable is 'atom'). In the same way, by slicing away at the facets of human intelligence that can be replaced by machines, AI uncovers what is left: an indivisible core that is the essence of humanity. Human intelligence has evolved across hundreds of thousands of years. Due to our physical and cognitive constraints over that time, it is social and highly embodied. By contrasting our capabilities with machine intelligence, The Atomic Human reveals the technical origins, capabilities and limitations of AI systems, and how they should be wielded. Not just by the experts, but ordinary people. Understanding this will enable readers to choose the future we want – either one where AI is a tool for us, or where we become a tool of AI – and how to counteract the digital oligarchy to maintain the fabric of an open, fair and democratic society.

From the codebreakers and problem solvers, to the engineers, mathematicians and other problem-solvers – what the secret world can teach us about performance and creativity How do you hire smart people who can work together to prevent terrorist attacks and decode encrypted technology? How do you come up with creative, counterintuitive solutions to solve major global problems? How do you provide the right environment for these people to thrive and work at their best when under immense pressure? Written by Robert Hannigan, the former Director of GCHQ, this book explores the role of the counter-intelligence services in history and today’s world – from the codebreakers and problem solvers, to innovation and creativity, secrecy and transparency and the global tech community. It will trace the history of counter-intelligence – from the early days of Bletchley Park, to the ongoing work of GCHQ – while reflecting on some of the unique characteristics of the engineers, mathematicians and other problem-solvers that make up the world’s intelligence community. An exhaustive and authoritative account of the history of counter-intelligence from Bletchley Park to modern day GCHQ, this brilliant and unique book will appeal to business readers, history readers and fans of smart thinking and big ideas around the world.

Whether we like it or not, the AI revolution is coming to education. In Brave New Words, Salman Khan, the visionary behind Khan Academy, explores how artificial intelligence and GPT technology will transform learning, offering a roadmap for teachers, parents, and students to navigate this exciting (and sometimes intimidating) new world. A pioneer in the world of education technology, Khan explains the ins and outs of these cutting-edge tools and how they will forever change the way we learn and teach. Rather than approaching the ChatGPT revolution with white-knuckled fear, Khan wants parents and teachers to embrace AI and adapt to it (while acknowledging its imperfections and limitations). He emphasizes that embracing AI in education is not about replacing human interaction but enhancing it, so that every student can complement the work they're already doing in profoundly new and creative ways, to personalize learning, adapt assessments, and support success in the classroom, preparing students for an increasingly digital future. But Brave New Words is not just about technology - it's about what this technology means for our society, and the practical implications for administrators, guidance counsellors, and hiring managers who can harness the power of AI in education and the workplace. Khan also delves into the ethical and social implications of AI and GPT, offering thoughtful insights into how we can use these tools to build a more accessible education system for students around the world.