Najnovšie - Odborná a populárno-náučná literatúra strana 452 z 500

The landscape setting of the Iron Age oppidum and Roman city of Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester) was initially explored through analysis of the available aerial photography and Lidar data over c. 1000 km2. Focusing on a 50 km square centred on Calleva, six locations with suspected later prehistoric enclosures were sampled by coring and excavation and accompanied by extensive programmes of radiocarbon dating and environmental, especially pollen analysis. Phases of activity and/or settlement were followed by abandonment and the regeneration of the woodland. Neolithic and Bronze Age activity was identified, but the first permanent settlements appeared to be of Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age date. The period with the most numerous settlements is the Middle Iron Age (4th to 2nd century BC), which was characterised by hillforts and smaller ditched enclosures. Their abandonment was once again followed by woodland regeneration. At the end of the 1st century BC new settlements were founded, including the 38 ha defended oppidum in a wooded and otherwise empty landscape. A territory with a radius of c. 2 km and devoid of individual farmsteads was established around the oppidum to provide land for cultivation and grazing and it was retained with the founding of the Roman city. This territory corresponds approximately with the combined present-day parishes of Mortimer West End and Silchester. The charcoal assemblages show evidence for the management of the woodlands including for the preparation of charcoal from the Late Iron Age though the Roman and into the medieval period. Dated charcoal shows continued activity in the Environs in the post-Roman and early medieval periods including the re-occupation of the hillfort at Pond Farm.

When William the Conqueror died in 1087 he left the throne of England to William Rufus … his second son. The result was an immediate war as Rufus’s elder brother Robert fought to gain the crown he saw as rightfully his; this conflict marked the start of 400 years of bloody disputes as the English monarchy’s line of hereditary succession was bent, twisted and finally broken when the last Plantagenet king, Richard III, fell at Bosworth in 1485.The Anglo-Norman and Plantagenet dynasties were renowned for their internecine strife, and in Lost Heirs we will unearth the hidden stories of fratricidal brothers, usurping cousins and murderous uncles; the many kings – and the occasional queen – who should have been but never were. History is written by the winners, but every game of thrones has its losers too, and their fascinating stories bring richness and depth to what is a colourful period of history. King John would not have gained the crown had he not murdered his young nephew, who was in line to become England’s first King Arthur; Henry V would never have been at Agincourt had his father not seized the throne by usurping and killing his cousin; and as the rival houses of York and Lancaster fought bloodily over the crown during the Wars of the Roses, life suddenly became very dangerous indeed for a young boy named Edmund.

The Second World War was the single most important event of the 20th century. It changed the world forever, establishing the importance of aircraft and armoured vehicles whilst quick-firing artillery remained king of the battlefield. Yet, as with all conflicts before and after it, the war on the ground was fought by infantry engaging in countless firefights for which portable weapons were essential.  Inspired by the Royal Armouries’ Second World War exhibits, Jonathan Ferguson charts the differing approaches taken to modernise small arms, associated training, and industrial infrastructure from the 1930s to the end of the war in 1945. It takes a British perspective but covers arms from Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan and the United States. It places into tactical context the most iconic firearms of the conflict—the Bren and MG42 machine guns, the M1 Garand rifle, the Sten submachine gun and many more. Why were so many different types in use? Who used them, and for what purpose? What was their legacy?

Like its African neighbours, Eritrea attained colonial statehood under a European power, in this case Italy. Yet, during decolonisation, its people were singularly excluded from the right to self- determination, for external reasons: superpower rivalry over the country’s strategic position on the Red Sea; a mistaken notion of irreconcilable sectarian differences within Eritrea’s population, invoked in order to brand it a society unfit for statehood; and Ethiopia’s imperial claim, based on mythical historical connections. The Ethiopian call for Eritrea’s return, supported by the UK and the US, sealed its fate at the international level. First, in the early 1950s, the UN General Assembly federated Eritrea as an autonomous unit under Ethiopian sovereignty; a decade later, Addis Ababa annexed it as a province—in neither case was the population consulted, sparking a liberation war.This vital book traces the genesis of the Eritrean independence struggle through hitherto unexplored local sources, both written and oral, analysed against the rather scanty existing literature on this period. Alemseged Tesfai refocuses the narrative on the actions, reactions and expectations of a relatively small nation, in both size and population, as it set out to right an international wrong, imposed by the Great Powers of the day.

From 1972 to 2014 Sr Edmée Kingsmill SLG published a number of articles in the Fairacres Chronicle, the Journal of the Sisters of the Love of God at Fairacres, that were offshoots of her doctoral research on the Song of Songs, or of her excursions into biblical Hebrew. Her essays examining aspects of the Song of Songs have been gathered together and published as Divine Love in the Song of Songs (SLG Press, 2024), while the present volume contains the studies of other texts from the Hebrew Bible and early Christian writers. Each essay is carefully crafted to explore some aspect of biblical interpretation or the literature and beliefs surrounding the origins of the Hebrew Bible, providing the reader with a wealth of information and considerable food for thought.

This is the eighth in Christina Holstein’s masterly series of Battleground books on the Verdun area during the Great War, following the usual method of narrative to set the scene accompanied by detailed tours. Christina brings to bear her outstanding knowledge of the ground and her deep understanding of the military issues that faced both sides, aided by her ability to read both French and German sources. The six tours, expanding and developing the narrative chapters, and taking up over 70 per cent of the book, are richly illustrated and the whole is notably well mappedThe book focuses on the little-known fighting in the Verdun area in the first weeks of the First World War and the German attempts to overcome that powerful, entrenched camp without a frontal attack. Beginning with the devastating Battle of the Frontiers on 22 August 1914, the author follows the French retreat to the Marne, where their desperate resistance in the Revigny Gap and at Vaux-Marie Farm prevented a breakthrough, whilst Fort Troyon’s refusal to surrender to punishing bombardment stopped a concurrent attack on the French rear. In a second attempt two weeks later, the Germans captured the important town of St Mihiel and established a bridgehead on the River Meuse but got no further; Verdun remained in French hands. Fighting stopped and there was little movement until the start of the Battle of Verdun. Launched on 21 February 1916 to bring the war to an end, it quickly bogged down and three hundred days later the French declared victory over the third and final German assault on Verdun.

The Kaiser’s Panzers charts the development of German armoured vehicles during the First World War. Late to adopt the tank as an offensive weapon, in a theatre characterized by bloody trench warfare, the Imperial German Army’s fledgling tank force fielded only twenty A7V tanks by the time of the November 1918 Armistice. To address this shortcoming, the German Army pressed more captured British Mark IV tanks into service through a dedicated workshop facility in Belgium during the final year of the war. A handful of these vehicles later saw service in the Freikorps to suppress left-wing uprisings in Berlin and Leipzig.Although German tanks played an insignificant part in the conflict, two early commanders rose to prominence in the Third Reich: Ernest Volckheim a leading interwar armour theorist and later Panzer commander; Josef ‘Sepp’ Dietrich a SS Panzer general implicated in the 1945 Malmedy massacre.Drawing on contemporary records, newsreels and newspaper accounts, The Kaiser’s Panzers is a heavily illustrated record of Germany’s first tanks, the predecessor force to Adolf Hitler’s vaunted Panzertruppen, and will be enjoyed by all military history enthusiasts.

Self-propelled anti-tank and anti-aircraft vehicles were a key element of the Nazi Army during the Second World War. Anti-tank weapons assumed great importance from the outbreak of war as combatants developed ever more effective armoured vehicles and tactics. Some were little more than stopgap solutions, such as mounting the weapons on a tracked vehicle to give enhanced mobility, while others were more sophisticated designs. Examples of the development of tank destroyer technology throughout the war are the Marders, Jagdpanzer 38, and Nashorn. In order to provide much needed fire power, vehicles like the 5-ton Sd.Kfz.6 halftrack mounted Soviet 76.2mm field guns. The Marder series played a key role supporting armoured operations with their anti-tank guns.Anti-aircraft firepower was vital to give protection to troops from increasingly potent Allied ground-attack. The Germans also mounted anti-aircraft guns onboard halftracks such as the Sd.Kfz.10/5 and 10/4 armed with 2cm Flak guns, the medium Sd.Kfz.7/1 halftrack mounting 2cm flak guns, including quadruple flak guns on certain modified vehicles. Later in the war there was the Flakpanzer 38 (t) with a 2cm flak gun, an Sd.Kfz.6/2 Flak halftrack, and the Flakpanzer IV `Wirbelwind` with a rotating flak gun turret armed with quadruple 2cm flak guns.In true Images of War style the authoritative text is superbly supported by well captioned contemporary images.

Ještě nikdy jsme nebyli pod tak velkým tlakem na to, abychom byli šťastní a šťastně i vypadali. Očekává se od nás, že budeme neustále pozitivní, šťastní a vděční. Je nám podsouváno, abychom na vše pohlíželi z té lepší stránky a abychom se usmívali, i když je nám zrovna do pláče. Protože pozitivní přístup přece vyřeší všechny naše problémy, ne? Nedostatek prostoru pro mluvení o skutečných pocitech Je nám neustále opakováno, že klíčem ke štěstí je umlčet negativitu všude tam, kde se objevuje – v nás i v ostatních. Dokonce i když čelíme nemoci, ztrátě, rozchodu a dalším nepříjemnostem, jen málo kdy smíme upřímně mluvit o svých skutečných pocitech a zpracovat je tak, abychom se přes ně přenesli a mohli jít dál. Je v pořádku jen tak být. Toxická pozitivita je škodlivá pro nás a naše vztahy Psychoterapeutka Whitney Goodman předkládá na základě nejnovějších výzkumů a příběhů svých klientů odpověď na otázku, kterou vás možná ani nenapadlo si položit: Jak může příliš mnoho pozitivity uškodit? A představuje jednoduché způsoby, jak prožívat a zpracovávat náročné emoce. Výsledkem je více autenticity, spojení a růstu – a v důsledku toho cesta k tomu, abychom se ukázali takoví, jací skutečně jsme. Najděte konečně rovnováhu Zdravá pozitivita znamená otevřít se naději, ale i realitě. Ale co když to není tak jednoduché? Co když je skutečná síla v tom, že si dovolíme prožít i ty nejtěžší okamžiky, než se rozhodneme, jak dál? Kniha, kterou držíte v rukou, vám ukáže, jak najít rovnováhu mezi pozitivním přístupem a přijetím všech emocí, které v sobě nosíme.

V praxi sa vyskytujú situácie, kedy zamestnávateľ zamestnancovi mzdu síce zúčtuje, ale fyzicky mu ju nevyplatí. Ako má zamestnávateľ postupovať z hľadiska odvodu poistného na zdravotné a sociálne poistenie a odvodu daňovej povinnosti? Za uchádzača o zamestnanie sa môže považovať len taký občan, ktorý môže pracovať, chce pracovať, hľadá si zamestnanie a je vedený v evidencii uchádzačov o zamestnanie úradu. Aké podmienky musí spĺňať osoba, ktorá je uchádzačom o zamestnanie? Obdobie letných prázdnin je pre mnohých mladých ľudí späté s využitím voľného času na výkon zárobkovej činnosti. Aké podmienky musia byť splnené, aby zamestnávanie mladistvých bolo realizované v súlade so Zákonníkom práce? Zúčtované a nevyplatené príjmy zo závislej činnosti V praxi sa vyskytujú situácie, kedy zamestnávateľ zamestnancovi mzdu síce zúčtuje, ale fyzicky mu ju nevyplatí. Ide spravila o zamestnávateľov, ktorí sa dostali do finančných ťažkostí a na výplatu príjmov im chýbajú peňažné prostriedky, alebo sa vyskytnú iné dôvody, pre ktoré zamestnávateľ vyplatenie mzdy zamestnancovi pozastavil. Ako má zamestnávateľ postupovať v týchto prípadoch z hľadiska odvodu poistného na zdravotné a sociálne poistenie a odvodu daňovej povinnosti? Uchádzač o zamestnanie – obmedzenie príjmu Právo na prístup k zamestnaniu predstavuje v zmysle ustanovenia § 14 ods. 1 zákona č. 5/2004 Z. z. o službách zamestnanosti a o zmene a doplnení niektorých zákonov v z. n. p. (ďalej iba „zákon o službách zamestnanosti“) právo občana, ktorý chce pracovať, môže pracovať a hľadá zamestnanie, na služby podľa spomínaného právneho predpisu zamerané na pomoc a podporu uľahčenia jeho vstupu na trh práce vrátane pomoci a podpory vstupu a zotrvania znevýhodneného uchádzača o zamestnanie na trhu práce najmenej počas obdobia šiestich po sebe nasledujúcich kalendárnych mesiacov. Zamestnávanie mladistvých Ustanovenie § 40 ods. 3 Zákonníka práce definuje mladistvého zamestnanca ako zamestnanca, ktorý je mladší ako 18 rokov. Uvedené však neznamená, že zamestnancom môže byť akákoľvek osoba, ktorá nedovŕšila 18 rokov veku. Ochrana detí pred detskou prácou je realizovaná prostredníctvom medzinárodných dohovorov, ktoré Slovenská republika ratifikovala a sú tak súčasťou nášho právneho poriadku. Vplyv zvýšeného stravného na daň z príjmov Výška tuzemských diét sa zvyšuje na základe údajov štatistického úradu o indexe cien jedál a nealkoholických nápojov v reštauračnom stravovaní. Od výšky diét pre časové pásmo 5 až 12 hodín sa odvíja krátenie stravného z dôvodu poskytnutia bezplatného stravovania na tuzemských pracovných cestách, minimálna výška stravovacích poukážok, výška príspevkov zamestnávateľa na stravovanie zamestnancov. Oprava chýb zamestnávateľa pri zdanení príjmov Ak zamestnávateľ v pozícii platiteľa dane v priebehu roka nesprávne zrazil zamestnancovi preddavky na daň z príjmov zo závislej činnosti alebo nesprávne vyplatil daňový bonus a uvedené nevysporiadal ani v rámci ročného zúčtovania preddavkov, resp. vykonal ročné zúčtovanie nesprávne, chyby opraví v rámci zákonných možností aj v závislosti od toho, či k pochybeniu došlo z jeho viny alebo z viny zamestnanca. Digitálne zručnosti v každom veku V dnešnej informačnej dobe je digitálna gramotnosť jednou z kľúčových zručností, ktorú potrebujeme aplikovať nielen v školstve, ale neskôr aj v každodennom živote. Digitálna gramotnosť zahŕňa oveľa viac, než len základné počítačové zručnosti, ide v podstate o schopnosť efektívne používať technológie, bezpečne pracovať s informáciami a kriticky zhodnotiť ich obsah. Reklama a propagácia Pojem reklamy má viacero definícií, ktorých spoločnou teóriou je využitie reklamy ako procesu šírenia informácií s cieľom zaujať prijímateľa produktu. Najvšeobecnejšia definícia vymedzuje reklamu ako cieľavedomé komunikačné pôsobenie zamerané na určitú cieľovú skupinu, ktorej úlohou je pomáhať pri utváraní postojov, názorov a zvyklostí, vedúcich k žiaducim činnostiam. Základným a samozrejmým cieľom reklamy je upútať príjemcu dostatočne na to, aby si kúpil propagovaný produkt. Vybavenie podaní obcou Pri vybavovaní podaní obcou je potrebné rozlišovať, či obec rozhoduje v rámci originálnej alebo delegovanej kompetencie decentralizovanej štátnej správy. V prípade originálnych kompetencií ide o rozhodovanie obce v prípadoch, ktoré jej boli zverené priamo právnou úpravou. Ide o správu obecného majetku alebo rozhodovanie v oblasti správy daní a poplatkov, kde majú obce právne postavenie správcu dane s rozhodovacou právomocou. V prípade delegovaných kompetencií ide o rozhodovanie obce v rámci kompetencií decentralizovanej štátnej správy. V tejto oblasti môže obec využiť činnosť spoločných obecných úradov.

Druhý díl vybraných spisů katolického teologa a biskupa skryté církve Jana Konzala (1935–2021) obsahuje jeho převážně dosud knižně nepublikované texty. Jedná se o rozsáhlý výbor z velkého množství přednášek, programových řečí a promluv k obnově závazků presbyterátu pražské obce ES a nástupnické Společné cesty. Dále soubor přináší Konzalovy homilie k obnově manželských závazků, písemné přípravy k duchovním obnovám a ukázky katechezí ke svátostem křtu, biřmování, manželství a smíření. Svazek uzavírají dva učební texty z 90. let Úvod do hermeneutiky Písma a tradice a Krátký kurz homiletiky.

Jste neustále zahlceni věcmi, úkoly a povinnostmi? Nic nestíháte, doma je nepořádek a vy máte pocit, že tohle rozhodně není život podle vašich představ? Pojďte to změnit! Žijte svobodněji a klidněji díky tomu, že vědomě omezíte množství věcí, které vlastníte. Naučte se rozlišit, které věci přinášejí do vašeho života hodnotu a které vás jen obtěžují. Objevte způsoby, jak se rychle zbavit nepotřebného a udělat si prostor pro to důležité. Získejte nejen hezčí domácnost, jejíž úklid vám zabere pouhou chvilku, ale především sebevědomí a svobodu. Díky tomuto přístupu pocítíte hlubokou spokojenost se svým životem i vztahy. Navíc výrazně ušetříte, aniž byste měli pocit, že se omezujete. Život je příliš krátký na to, abyste ho trávili péčí o nepotřebné věci. A příliš cenný na to, abyste žili podle názorů ostatních. Je čas odvážit se mít méně!

‘The infantryman always bears the brunt’ according to Field-Marshal Wavell in 1945. The ‘Poor Bloody Infantry,’ ‘The Grunts on the Ground,’ the infantry have often been seen as the humble, indeed shunned, relations of others, from cavalry to tanks. This book is their story, one from the dawn of human conflict to the present day, a study that looks round the world to consider fighting, weaponry, recruitment, contexts and impact. Infantry as the shock of assault as well as firepower, as the force in state-to-state conflict and in civil warfare, in symmetrical and asymmetrical warfare, are considered, as are the different accounts of development that are offered. Central to the military and to combat, infantry has also served many non-combat roles, notably as the arm of government. Indeed, infantry can be crucial to political history and nation-building, from coups to iconic battles

In a world defined by the brutalities of war, one German general stands apart from the Hollywood stereotype. Before the storm of the Second World War, Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, fluent in multiple languages, and a devoted Christian — a lifelong Benedictine Oblate. From the very outset he was anti-Nazi and, on many occasions, defied Hitler’s orders. His military skills were good; in France he beat Rommel to Cherbourg and on the Eastern Front he tried to relieve the German 6th Army in Stalingrad. It was in Italy where his reputation grew by safely evacuating German troops from Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, a delicate matter because the Italians had changed sides. He defeated General Clark’s forces at the Rapido battle fiasco, and he caused Cassino to become a serious hold up for the Allied advance north. It was he who willingly signed the surrender documents in Italy on 4 May 1945.His Christian beliefs meant there were no barbarities within his command, and he made lifelong friends with some occupied residents, helping to save lives from the dreaded SS, and the Italian partisans never attacked him because he had helped the helpless. He was a brilliant tactician, always with his troops on the frontline, and his anti-Nazi views were not a post-war justification but were widely known during the war years by friend and foe. Von Senger was never even considered for war crimes, and was granted the rare privilege of being allowed to explore the English countryside from the Bridgend PoW camp. Discover the life of a general who fought not just for victory, but for honour, compassion, and morality under the brutal Nazi regime.

The coup remains the single most common form of power change throughout the world.How to Stage a Military Coup explores these violent and often bloody appropriations of authority, alongside the political, military, and social conditions out of which they arise. Taking into account factors such as timing, media control, popular support and government organisational structure, and by drawing on examples of coups from all over the world, both failed and successful, the authors reveal exactly what it takes to carry out a successful government take-over.This latest, updated edition includes a new foreword by David Hebditch.

On 6 April 1941, Nazi Germany, along with Italy and Hungary, invaded Yugoslavia after the overthrow of the Yugoslav regent, Prince Paul. Hitler sought to secure the right flank for his upcoming invasion of the USSR and assist Mussolini, who had failed to conquer Greece. The German attack was swift, and by 17 April, Yugoslavia capitulated, leading to the creation of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH).Ante Pavelić, leader of the fascist Ustaše organization, was installed as the head of Croatia. His government immediately began a brutal campaign of repression against non-Croatians, especially Serbs. This sparked rebellions, with Serbian Chetnik bands and Croatian communists forming separate guerrilla movements. The Croatian state was soon overwhelmed by these insurgencies.Italy further complicated matters by creating occupation zones within Croatia, supporting Chetnik bands, and hampering Croatian military efforts. The Croatian Army, unable to fortify its territory due to Italian restrictions, was often attacked by Chetniks and forced to fight on two fronts.Despite these challenges, including inadequate armament and the constant interference of its allies, Croatia maintained a military force that continued to fight until the war’s bitter end.

After the terrible losses of The Great War, twenty years later the Second World War resulted in the death of some of the finest sporting icons. This book honours the ninety international rugby players who lost their lives. Fifteen were Scottish, fourteen English, eleven Welsh and eight Irish. Australia and New Zealand suffered with ten and two internationals killed respectively and France eight. Germany topped the list with nineteen. In the same way that the Authors best-selling Into Touch remembered the 130 Internationals lost in the First World War, Final Scrum gives an individual biography of each of the ninety with their international and club playing record as well as their backgrounds, details of their military careers and circumstances of their death. We learn where they are buried or commemorated together with at least one photograph of each player. Rugby enthusiasts will find this book a fascinating and moving record of the sacrifice of the finest young men of their generation who fought in the second worldwide conflict of the 20th Century.

The Nine Years'' War recounts Ireland''s near-expulsion of English rule, led by Hugh O?Neill?s remarkable Irish confederation.The Nine Years War (1593-1603), sometimes known as Tyrone?s Rebellion, was one of the most devastating and brutal conflicts to sweep the island. Never would the English Crown come so close to losing its grip on Ireland. It was brought on by a combination of English misrule, Irish ambition and the fortuitous creation of political ties with Spain. A confederation of Irish lords led by the charismatic and exceptionally gifted Hugh O?Neill, Earl of Tyrone, swept from one victory to another. Part 1 of this series examines the years of Irish triumph as English nonchalance turned to disbelief and then panic as Irish armies engaged with and defeated all attempts by the Crown to restore English authority.Tyrone duped the English state into believing it was engaged in a local affair against Hugh Maguire, lord of Fermanagh, for the first two years of the war. While the English fought a shooting war in the west of Ulster, Tyrone raised an unprecedented confederation of Irish lords that set aside parochial self-interest to mount a concerted and coordinated effort to eject English power from Ireland once and for all.Time and again, English armies were engaged and defeated by modernised Irish forces fighting with a skill and technical sophistication never before seen. This series of Crown defeats came to a bloody climax at the battle of the Yellow Ford on 14 August 1598. The Irish shattered the English field army in a matter of hours. Its commander, Henry Bagenal, was killed along with almost half his men. The battle remains the greatest defeat given to the English by Irish arms and a striking reverse to a period often seen as Elizabeth?s Golden Age.

Fundamental to Islamic thought is the idea that there is a way that human beings simply are, by nature or creation. This concept is called f? a. Rooting her investigation in the two central passages in the Qur''an and Hadith literature, where it is asserted that God created human beings in a certain way, the author moves beyond discussion of the usual figures who have commented on those texts to look instead at a group of classical Islamic philosophers rarely discussed in conjunction with ethical matters. Tracing the development of f? a through this overlooked strand of medieval thinking, von Doetinchem de Rande uses f? a as an entrée to wider topics in Islamic ethics. She shows that the notion of f? a articulated by al-Farabi, Ibn Bajja, Ibn Tufayl and Ibn Rushd highlights important issues about organizational hierachies of human nature. This, she argues, has major implications for contemporary political and legal debates.