Najnovšie - Odborná a populárno-náučná literatúra strana 5 z 500

A párviadal az addigra Európa nem kis részét leigázó és a győzelem küszöbén álló Hitler, valamint az invázió és összeomlás fenyegette Angliát a régi Európa utolsó bástyájaként vezető Churchill közötti 1940-es küzdelemről számol be. John Lukacs mesterműve empatikusan, előítéletektől mentesen és lenyűgöző alapossággal nyújt betekintést két főszereplője gondolkodásmódjába, jellemébe és döntéseik mozgatórugóiba, következményeibe. Szétoszlatja a téveszméket, korrigálja a felületes elképzeléseket, közel hozva az olvasóhoz a kort, amikor Európa országai végzetes fordulatot vehettek volna.

Táto kniha s bohatou obrazovou časťou, doplnenou o referenčné informácie a kontrolné zoznamy, prináša odpovede na otázky, ako vyzerá normálny röntgenový nález, ako vlastne zistiť, čo je normálne a ako odlíšiť normálny nález od patologického. Je ideálnym pomocníkom pre každého, kto sa chce zoznámiť s röntgenovou diagnostikou – či ide o študentov, začínajúcich rádiológov alebo lekárov inej špecializácie. Prakticky zameraná publikácia vychádza z nemeckého originálu, 6. vydania (Thieme), ktoré bolo preložené do 8 ďalších svetových jazykov. Znalosť normality je podmienkou toho, aby bol lekár schopný rozpoznať patologické zmeny. V tejto knihe nájdete odpovede na otázky: Ako vyzerá normálny röntgenový nález? Ako vlastne zistiť, čo je normálne? Ako odlíšiť normálny nález od patologického? S cieľom odpovedať na tieto otázky sú v publikácii vo vysokej kvalite zobrazené klasické normálne nálezy všetkých röntgenových techník vrátane vyšetrenia s kontrastnou látkou. So zakreslenými uhlami, uvedenými rozmermi a ďalšími kritériami „normality“ tak slúžia ako referenčné hodnoty pri posudzovaní samotnej snímky. Obrazovú časť dopĺňa podrobný vysvetľujúci text. Pri systematickom prehliadaní a hodnotení vlastnej röntgenovej snímky napomáha kontrolný zoznam.

Novelizovaný zákon o PRIESTUPKOCH s aktualizovanými dôvodovými správami. Poslanci schválením zákona č. 129/2026 Z.z. (s účinnosťou k 15.7.2026), ktorým sa mení a dopĺňa zákon o priestupkoch, prakticky zavŕšili chaotickú rekodifikáciu tresného práva započatú zákonom č. 40/2024 Z.z., ktorým sa mení a dopĺňa Trestný zákon – predkladateľ v rozsiahlej novele priestupkového konania (82 novelizačných bodov) reagoval na zmeny v skutkových podstatách a právnej kvalifikácii viacerých trestných činov a prečinov najmä zvýšením pokút a sankcií za príslušné priestupky. Zákon o priestupkoch bol v podstate z rovnakých dôvodov novelizovaný (s účinnosťou k 1.9.2026 – 5 novelizačných bodov) aj v čl. III zákona č. 131/2026 Z.z.(veľká novela zákona o cestnej premávke), preto sme spracovali úplné znenie zákona o priestupkoch (za každým novelizovaným ustanovením sme v rámiku uviedli pôvodné znenie) a do novej publikácie zaradili dôvodové správy (aktualizované na základe pozmeňujúcich návrhov poslancov, resp. výborov NRSR) k obom novelám (v podstate ide o jediný výklad novelizovaných ustanovení, na ktorý prihliadajú súdy). ZÁKON SNR Č. 372/1990 ZB. O PRIESTUPKOCH V ZNENÍ ZÁKONA SNR Č. 524/1990 ZB., ZÁKONA SNR Č. 266/1992 ZB., ZÁKONA SNR Č. 295/1992 ZB., ZÁKONA SNR Č. 511/1992 ZB., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 237/1993 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 42/1994 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 248/1994 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 249/1994 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 250/1994 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 202/1995 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 207/1995 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 265/1995 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 285/1995 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 160/1996 Z.Z., ZÁKONA NRSR Č. 168/1996 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 143/1998 Z.Z., NÁLEZU ÚSTAVNÉHO SÚDU SR Č. 319/1998 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 298/1999 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 313/1999 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 195/2000 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 211/2000 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 367/2000 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 122/2001 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 223/2001 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 253/2001 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 441/2001 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 490/2001 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 507/2001 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 139/2002 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 422/2002 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 190/2003 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 430/2003 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 510/2003 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 515/2003 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 534/2003 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 364/2004 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 533/2004 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 656/2004 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 570/2005 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 650/2005 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 211/2006 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 224/2006 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 250/2007 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 547/2007 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 666/2007 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 86/2008 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 245/2008 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 298/2008 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 445/2008 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 479/2008 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 491/2008 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 8/2009 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 70/2009 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 72/2009 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 191/2009 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 206/2009 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 387/2009 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 465/2009 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 513/2009 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 60/2010 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 433/2010 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 547/2010 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 313/2011 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 362/2011 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 79/2012 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 96/2012 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 31/2013 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 80/2013 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 94/2013 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 299/2013 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 388/2013 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 417/2013 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 474/2013 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 1/2014 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 204/2014 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 374/2014 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 397/2015 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 430/2015 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 125/2016 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 311/2016 Z.Z, ZÁKONA Č. 315/2016 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 393/2019 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 338/2020 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 146/2021 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 412/2021 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 246/2022 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 183/2023 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 330/2023 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 40/2024 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 166/2024 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 380/2024 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 387/2024 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 150/2025 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 129/2026 A ZÁKONA Č. 131/2026 Z.Z.

Novelizovaný zákon o medzinárodnom práve súkromnom a procesnom s aktualizovanou dôvodovou správou v úplnom znení. V článku II zákona č. 148/2026 Z.z., ktorým sa mení a dopĺňa Civilný sporový poriadok, bol zmenený a doplnený aj zákon č. 97/1963 Zb. o medzinárodnom práve súkromnom a procesnom (11 novelizačných bodov), preto sme spracovali úplné znenie zákona č. 97/1963 Zb. (za každým novelizovaným ustanovením sme v rámiku uviedli pôvodné znenie) a spolu s dôvodovou správou (aktualizovanou na základe pozmeňujúcich návrhov poslancov, resp. výborov NRSR) k čl. II zákona č. 148/2026 Z.z. ho zverejnili v samostatnej publikácii. ZÁKON Č. 97/1963 ZB. O MEDZINÁRODNOM PRÁVE SÚKROMNOM A PROCESNOM V ZNENÍ ZÁKONA Č. 158/1969 ZB., ZÁKONA Č. 234/1992 ZB., ZÁKONA Č. 264/1992 ZB., ZÁKONA NÁRODNEJ RADY SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKY Č. 48/1996 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 510/2002 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 589/2003 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 382/2004 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 36/2005 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 336/2005 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 273/2007 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 384/2008 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 388/2011 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 102/2014 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 267/2015 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 125/2016 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 108/2022 Z.Z., ZÁKONA Č. 150/2022 Z.Z. A ZÁKONA Č. 148/2026 Z.Z.

Ak hľadáte knihu, ktorá vás prevedie problematikou sveta ajťákov, tak držíte v rukách správnu knihu, ktorá je podaná naozaj inak než klasické učebnice a iné knihy. Jedná sa o jedinečný, ľahko pochopiteľný text. Autor verí vo vás, že to pochopíte a porozumiete tomu. Vybral pre vás piliere informatiky, ktorými sú v tejto knihe okrem iného nasledovné témy: Teória informatiky. Komunikácia a súbory. Grafika a tvorba webových stránok. Spracovanie údajov a programovanie. Na záver vás poteší prehľad programovacích jazykov a slovníček pojmov. Autor na tejto ceste svetom ajťákov bude putovať spolu s vami. #informatika #počítače #IT #internet #programovanie #HTML #CSS #webstránky #softvér #hardvér #základy informatiky #IT pre začiatočníkov #digitálne zručnosti #základy programovania #tvorba webu #IT vzdelávanie #úvod do informatiky #teória informatiky #digitálna gramotnosť #XML #VBA #prehľad programovacích jazykov #prehľad informatiky

Have you ever wondered what the most powerful words in historyar? he right political slogan, used at the right time by theright party, can have profound consequences on people's lives. And yet thisaspect of political campaigning has been comprehensively overlooked. Thousandsof books about politics, marketing and election campaigns are published everyyear, but none has focused specifically on the election slogan - until now. Drawing on a database of more than 20,000 slogans, thisgroundbreaking book uncovers the remarkable fact that just eight 'hit' wordshave been central to the successful outcome of most major elections. FromFranklin D. Roosevelt's 'New Deal for the American People' to Nelson Mandela's'A Better Life for All', these potent words have spanned continents andideologies, toppled governments, ended conflicts, inspired sweeping societaltransformations and been echoed by democratic and authoritarian regimes alike. Through exclusive interviews, campaign insights and voterpsychology, Eight Words That Changed the World reveals why somewords resonate deeply while others fall flat and how their use shapes politicaloutcomes. A single word can mean the difference between victory and failure -and the right words deployed at the right time hold the key to power. More thanjust a study of political messaging, this is a guide for anyone seeking tounderstand the power of language in changing the world.

Most people spend their lives solving small problems-following rules they never question, chasing goals they didn't choose, and accepting limits that don't actually exist. If you've ever felt you were meant to play a bigger game, this book shows you how. In Counterintuitive, Naveen Jain-serial entrepreneur, philanthropist, and founder of multiple billion-dollar companies-reveals the way of thinking that allowed him to consistently do what others believed was impossible. Jain shares that his success did not come from being smarter, luckier, or more connected. Instead, it came from asking better questions and challenging the conventional. Breakthrough success doesn't come from working harder within the system. It comes from stepping outside it entirely. It's thinking so big that problems become simpler. It's using imagination as a discipline, not a daydream. And it's choosing bold optimism when the world insists on cautious realism. This is not a book of tactics. It's a blueprint for a mindset shift. Inside, you'll discover: Why thinking bigger is often easier than thinking small-and why the world's most complex problems are the most solvable How to unlearn the invisible rules that limit ambition, creativity, and impact How to train your imagination to see opportunities where others see constraints The counterintuitive principles Jain used to build billion-dollar companies, shape industries, and tackle global challenges Blending personal stories, hard-won lessons, and unconventional insights, Counterintuitive challenges you to stop settling for what you're told is realistic and start reaching for what's truly possible.

From the bestselling author of Hillbilly Elegy – an intimate account of why Vice President JD Vance strayed from the Christianity of his youth and what led him back to faith. Communion is a spiritual exploration of what it means to be a Christian in all the seasons of life JD Vance has experienced – as a child, a young man, a husband, a father and a leader. Picking up in some ways where Hillbilly Elegy left off, Communion recounts how Vance's pursuit of material privileges ultimately led him into a secular wilderness. Communion reveals how Vance regained his faith and discusses his conversion to Catholicism, how his faith guides his work in public life, and how it shapes his thoughts about the future.

From the author of the Orwell Prize-winner SHOW ME THE BODIES: HOW WE LET GRENFELL HAPPEN, the gripping story of how housing defines a city's past, present and futureA Waterstones Book of the Year 2025'Apps set the gold standard with his Grenfell coverage. With Homesick, he dismantles the sham of UK housing policy – razor-sharp, stylish, and morally unflinching.' Darren McGarveyIn London, only those with vast cash deposits can get on the property ladder, private rents have spiralled out of control and the wait for social housing is measured in decades. Once vibrant communities are being uprooted, schools are closing down and homelessness is rampant. It was not always like this. In the 1980s, builders and nurses could afford family-sized homes, there was abundant social housing and long-term security for private renters. Tracing the last forty years of housing policy, Peter Apps examines this transformation, following a diverse group of Londoners as their fortunes rise and fall across the decades amid the economic forces sweeping through the city. With clear-eyed urgency, he reveals what will happen when a generation of renters retires and climate change brings fire and flood to a city unprepared for extremes. He also gives us reason to hope, exploring the ways London can transform again: from a market for private profit to a place that once more offers permanence, safety and opportunity for its citizens. A place to call home.

A searing insight into the political radicalization of Silicon Valley, from Elon Musk to Peter Thiel, JD Vance and Donald Trump, and how it will affect the future of all our lives.From the pursuit of potentially apocalyptic artificial intelligence to life-extension start-ups that promise billionaires eternal youth and those who encourage the political far right around the world, the Silicon Valley techno-utopian dream has curdled. The global innovator class has the world in their hands, but they can''t stand the touch.In Gilded Rage: Elon Musk and the Radicalization of Silicon Valley, New York Times bestselling author Jacob Silverman leads us on a critical investigation into the radicalization of Silicon Valley and the billionaires that increasingly run our lives, shape the global economy, and support Donald Trump.At the center of this book lies Elon Musk, but this is about more than just one man and his obsession with the "woke mind virus", as Silverman reveals a network of tech and finance oligarchs, emboldened by the zero-interest rate years, now using their wealth to exert an increasingly radical political program.Transiting San Francisco and Silicon Valley, Austin and Miami, New York, Washington DC, and various global capitals of tech, finance, and political power, Silverman talks to the people who are already living with the real-life consequences of the political revolution underway. It''s a bizarre, sometimes frightening, darkly humorous world where moguls preach populist revolt while dismantling the few remaining checks on their influence.Gilded Rage offers essential reporting and insight for anyone who wants to know what''s happening to Silicon Valley. As the erratic influence of tech elites continues to spread around the world, the story that Jacob has to tell will have a profound relevance for us all.

The week-long Allied bombing campaign against Hamburg in late July 1943 was not only hugely destructive but also had a significant impact on the German night fighter arm. From now on, the “boxes” of Kammhuber’s “Raumnachtjagd” would be the starting point from which fighters would be led into the bomber stream as early as possible, a tactic dubbed “Zahme Sau.” The night fighters had to quickly adopt new “freelance” procedures, and also found themselves increasingly engaged in daylight operations. These actions resulted in heavy losses—especially of experienced aces—which the Nachtjagd could ill afford and struggled to replace.The winter of 1943/44 saw a series of huge raids on Berlin. Although hard pressed, the Nachtjagd aces were still able to score some heavy tactical victories. Over a thousand RAF “Viermots” were shot down—more than double the expected losses—before the campaign was cut short. New night fighter aces emerged, often former transport and reconnaissance pilots, and the upward firing armament of the Bf 110s and Ju 88s could cut swathes through the “stream.” However, by mid-1944, as the Allies advanced, the night fighter aces were forced into new roles, including ground-strafing armor and troop concentrations, a role for which they were clearly unsuited. A small number of Me 262 jets were deployed in a new NJG 11, but exclusively committed against the rapid twin-engined Mosquitos of the RAF’s Light Night Striking Force. Heinkel He 219s were never available in significant numbers and prowling Mosquito intruders were an ever-present danger to Nachtjagd crews.While the surviving night fighter aces continued their defensive actions virtually every night, by March 1945 the Nachtjagd was in terminal decline. Of the 1,100 night fighter pilots and crew who claimed at least one victory, some 669 were lost, a casualty rate of around 74 percent.Fully illustrated and featuring newly translated personal accounts, this is a chronological account of the Luftwaffe night fighters in the second part of the war, covering major campaigns, the biographies of individual aces, and the details of their aircraft.

Dr Adrian Greaves’ is widely acknowledged as a leading expert on the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 and his previous account of Rorke’s Drift has become a standard work on that battle. However, by his own admission, it is hopelessly out of date as are other existing accounts. Rorke’s Drift Revisited is not merely a revised edition of that earlier work but a completely new account with much new research that challenges many misconceptions and myths.Explaining how previous accounts have been distorted by false reporting, false memory syndrome, ignorance of the site and archaeological evidence, the author presents fascinating fresh evidence and analysis. Among the more sensational revelations is that Lieutenant John Chard did not write the famous Chard Report, which has been the main primary source for the battle. He also shows that neither Lieutenant Ardendorff nor the missionary Reverend Otto Witt was there. Nor were the famous mealie-bag-and-biscuit-box barricades hastily erected, as per the film; they were carefully planned and built over several preceding days. Drawing on previously neglected eyewitness accounts as well as the latest archaeological evidence, there is a wealth of other new information and fresh perspectives. The shift in perceptions of the battle and its hold on the national psyche is also discussed. Uniquely, over a quarter of a century of physically revisiting Rorke’s Drift and associated sites as a tour leader allows him to give an accurate appraisal of the battlefield today.

Beacons of support, understanding, and love, sisters are there for us through it all - childhood, the formative teenage years, and, if we''re lucky, through adulthood. But how often do we step back from our busy lives to acknowledge what they truly mean to us? Sisters everywhere deserve to feel that love. In Sisters Loved and Treasured: Stories of Unbreakable Bonds, award-winning ABC News journalist and New York Times bestselling author Deborah Roberts curates a giftable collection of conversations, meditations, and anecdotes from her own sisters, celebrity friends and everyday people alike who share deeply personal accounts of how their relationships as sisters shaped their lives.

A must-have book for anyone who is already retired, or those just about to retire. Packed full of fun and inventive suggestions for how to enjoy your retirement, covering everything from relationships, activities and hobbies to lifestyle advice. Often when you think you're at the end of something, you're at the beginning of something else. Retirement is not the end of your working years but rather the start of something new. With more time on your hands than ever before, filling your days may seem harder than you expected and can leave you wondering 'exactly what do I do now?' This book provides a wide range of upbeat suggestions on ways to luxuriate in your new-found time. Whether it is learning a new language, taking up a new hobby or simply spending more time with friends and family, Things To Do Now That You're Retired is packed with inspirational ideas. It aims to encourage readers to make the most of their retirement, to appreciate the extra time they have in pursuing activities they enjoy while also exploring new ones. As well as encouraging you to make the most of every opportunity, this book makes suggestions for how to come to terms with yourself, your friends and your family in this new phase of your life.

Autor – architekt „živých firem“ – vás v této knize provede sedmi přírodními a civilizačními zákony, které formují vývoj každého živého systému, včetně firem. Srozumitelně a prakticky ukazuje, proč některé firmy rostou, jiné stagnují a další upadají – a hlavně co změnit, aby firma znovu získala vitalitu, směr a schopnost růstu. Zjistíte, proč samotný výkon nestačí a proč v chaotickém světě rozhoduje především adaptabilita. Naučíte se lépe chápat životní cyklus firmy, zvládat změny a opouštět vzorce řízení, které dnes přestávají fungovat. Kniha propojuje přírodní principy života, moderní poznatky o adaptabilitě, zkušenosti z managementu i nový myšlenkový model LONGEVITY MANAGEMENTU. Kniha ukazuje firmu ne jako stroj, ale jako živý organismus, který potřebuje směr, důvěru, energii, znalosti a schopnost regenerace. Nejde o další motivační management. Jde o nový pohled na řízení firmy v době chaosu, nejistoty a zrychlujících se změn. Ideální pro lídry a manažery, kteří cítí, že tradiční manažerské poučky už nestačí – a hledají hlubší, přirozenější a dlouhodobě udržitelnou cestu k úspěchu.

War and power are two of the most-widely discussed issues in all of human history, and yet they are, time and again, misunderstood ? often disastrously so. Whilst we might think the outcome of war is determined by so-called ‘Great Powers’ who dominate their opponents with their impressive size and military prowess, the reality of modern conflict, as renowned strategic historian Professor Phillips Payson O’Brien demonstrates, is very different. He urges us instead to look for ‘Full Spectrum Powers’. For if we are considering how powerful a nation is and who will win a war, we need to think less about weapons, and more about the economies and societies that produce them; less about individual battles, and more about sustaining campaigns and alliances in which states operate. Using fascinating examples from the late 19th century to the present day, War and Power explains how misunderstanding war and power has led to terrible, even preventable conflicts – such as the war in Ukraine – and how more accurate analysis can help us consider the potential conflict between the US and China. War and Power provides a bold new way of understanding the dangerous world around us.

A surprising look at how modern capitalism changed sugar from a natural food to a scientific commodity. Sugar is everywhere in the western diet, blamed for epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and other modern maladies. Our addiction to sweetness has a long and unsavory history. Over the past five hundred years, sugar has shaped empires, made fortunes for a few, and brought misery for millions of workers both enslaved and free. How did sugar become a defining modern food and an essential global commodity? In Unrefined, David Singerman recasts our thinking about this crucial substance in the history of capitalism. Before the nineteenth century, sugar’s value depended on natural qualities: its color, its taste, where it was grown, and who had made it. But beginning around 1850, a combination of plantation owners, industrialists, and scientists set out to redefine sugar itself. Deploying the tools and rhetoric of science, they transformed not just how sugar was produced or traded but even how people thought about it. By changing sugar into a pure chemical object, these forces stripped power from workers and enabled—and obscured—new kinds of fraud, corruption, and monopoly. Taking us to unexplored spaces in the world of sugar, from laboratories and docks to refineries and the halls of Congress, Singerman illuminates dark intersections of the histories of corruption, science, and capitalism.

In this radical reinterpretation of the Financial Revolution, Craig Muldrew redefines our understanding of capitalism as a socially constructed set of institutions and beliefs. Financial institutions, including the Bank of England and the stock market, were just one piece of the puzzle. Alongside institutional developments, changes in local credit networks involving better accounting, paper notes and increased mortgaging were even more important. Muldrew argues that, before a society can become capitalist, most of its members have to have some engagement with 'capital' as a thing – a form of stored intangible financial value. He shows how previous oral interpersonal credit was transformed into capital through the use of accounting and circulating paper currency, socially supported by changing ideas about the self which stressed individual savings and responsibility. It was only through changes throughout society that the framework for a concept like capitalism could exist and make sense.